The 2018 presidential election result in Brazil surprised and shocked many. Since then, numerous debates and a growing body of texts have attempted to understand the country’s so-called ‘conservative turn’. A gripping in-depth account of politics and society in Brazil today, this new volume brings together a myriad of different perspectives to help us better understand the political events that shook the country in recent years. Combining ethnographic insights with political science, history, sociology, and anthropology, the interdisciplinary analyses included offer a panoramic view on social and political change in Brazil, spanning temporal and spatial dimensions. Starting with the 2018 presidential election, the contributors discuss the country’s recent –or more distant– past in relation to the present. Pointing to the continuities and disruptions in the course of those years, the analyses offered are an invaluable guide to unpacking and understanding the limits of Brazilian democracy, including what has already come to pass, but also what is yet to come.

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How can we counter the rise in authoritarian attitudes and the loss of trust within European societies? Experts and writers provide survey-based answers. The global financial crisis, Covid, Russia’s aggression in Ukraine: against the backdrop of major crises, European societies are seeking security, and many find this security in a longing for strong leadership, without elections or parliaments, as seen in Italy and France. Growing dissatisfaction with the functioning of democracy is the key finding of a study commissioned by Oliver Rathkolb for the Institute of Cultural and Contemporary History at the University of Vienna: in 2022, people in eight European countries were surveyed about their views on history and democratic attitudes, and their responses were compared with a survey from 2019, prior to the Covid pandemic. Based on the results of this comparison and an analysis of the causes, recognised scholars develop models and strategies in this book to raise democratic awareness, seeking to counteract a trend towards an authoritarian era – an era that sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf had already foreseen in the 1990s as a consequence of the social crises brought about by neoliberal turbo-globalisation. These academic findings are complemented by literary reflections on the themes of democracy and authoritarianism by European writers. The book is published in full in English.

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This is a Wikipedia book, a collection of Wikipedia articles, captured and formatted on March 1, 2016

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Those who keep a finger on the pulse of British democracy often announce that the patient is in a critical state. In the 1970s, the diagnosis most often came from the right, with dire warnings of the debilitating effects of social democracy. Since the 1979 election, it is those on the left who are pessimistic, pointing to an insidious authoritarianism that threatens democratic values. Therefore, a book which maintains that a major turning point in British politics has been reached is not, in itself, particularly rare. What sets British Democracy at the Crossroads (originally published in 1985) apart, however, is the breadth and depth of its analysis. It breaks the mould of conventional political science by marrying a study of voting in the 1983 election (using a specially commissioned survey) with a detailed presentation of the context in which the election took place, including analyses of the dynamics of political parties, of the role of the news media before and during the campaign, and other important issues. This markedly different approach to the subject allows the book to serve two valuable functions. It provides a clear and concise introduction to the various methods of electoral analysis, which will be welcomed in the classroom and lecture theatre. Also, by drawing on modern political theory, it develops a distinctive radical perspective on the interconnected themes of party competition and electoral behaviour, contesting many of the assumptions that underlie the orthodox accounts of electoral dealignment. This is a challenging and stimulating book that no one with an interest in the future of democracy in Britain can afford to ignore.

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This book explains deliberative constitution-making with a special focus on the connections between participation, representation and legitimacy and provides a general overview of what the challenges and prospects of deliberative constitution-making are today. It seeks to provide a more complete picture of what is at stake as a political trend in various places in the world, both theoretically and empirically grounded. Distinctively, the book studies not only established democracies and well-known cases of deliberative constitution-making but also such practices in authoritarian and less consolidated democratic settings and departs from a traditional institutional perspective to have a special focus on actors, and in particular underrepresented groups. This book is of key interest to scholars and students of deliberative democracy, constitutional politics, democratization and autocratization studies, citizen participation and more broadly to comparative politics, public administration, social policy and law.

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Demoperfectocracy was the word used by the famous Costa Rican writer, Yolanda Oreamuno, to refer to the Costa Rican political system of the 1930s. The ironic spirit of the term was not accidental: at the time, various intellectuals and politicians doubted that Costa Rica was a democracy, an approach that was recovered and emphasized, starting in the 1980s, by different social researchers. The perspective that guides this book is very different: it stems from the fact that, between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Costa Rica underwent a decisive transition towards a pre-reformed democracy, in whose course periodic and competitive elections became the nexus fundamental between popular demands and public policies. The long-term result of this connection was a socially oriented political system.

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The manuscript deals with the elections to the Austrian Constituent Diet in June 1848, compared with those to the French National Assembly in April of the same year, with a focus on the dissemination of new concepts and practices of politics – particularly electoral and representative politics – in rural areas. The approach is based on concepts from the debate on the “politicisation” of rural populations which has been conducted in France during the past decades. To facilitate a detailed analysis closely based on primary sources, the study is limited to the province of Lower Austria (excluding Vienna) and the former department of Seine-et-Oise, surrounding Paris. The manuscript is based on a dissertation accepted in 2010, which has been revised in both content and form. Additional archival research in France in January and February 2011 has allowed an augmentation of the primary source basis.After a summary of theoretical and methodical positions regarding the use of international comparison, a brief presentation of the debates on “politicisation” is intended to familiarize the reader both with the concept and with recent criticisms of it (Chapter 2). The resulting approach is based on the idea not of “politicization” versus a prior “apolitical” condition of rural populations, but rather of a complex of interconnected but not identical shifts in rural concepts and practices of politics.In a first section, demographic, economic and social conditions of the two regions are presented and compared (Chapter 3), as are intellectual preconditions regarding mobility, literacy, religious behavior, and prior experiences with political participation (Chapter 4). The revolutions of 1848 are described with particular attention devoted to the forms they took in rural areas (Chapter 5).The legal and normative framework of the elections is compared in detail, as are administrative prepa¬rations and the processes of electoral information (Chapter 6). These are viewed as efforts by which models of electoral politics, proposed by new and old political elites in both countries, were put before the populations using the power and communicative resources at the disposal of the elites. The elections themselves are first closely described under their procedural aspect; then an analysis of voting behaviour is attempted (Chapter 7). These multiple perspectives demonstrate that divergent notions of the meaning and function of elections competed, but also intermixed. This concerns not only rivalry between the elite-proposed models described in Chapter 6, but also their meeting with concepts held by members of the wider population. In Lower Austria, large numbers of rural voters either rejected or, more frequently, reinterpreted and subverted the proposed electoral model on the basis older practices of political articu¬lation predicated on a corporate subdivision of society. In Seine-et-Oise, behaviors pointing to divergent notions of election are comparatively marginal next to a widespread acceptance of the proposed model.Although the two cases studied differ considerably from one another, and both have only quite limited resemblance to late 20th-century ideals of democratic elections, both can be situated within a complex history of the gradual displacement of older concepts of elections specifically and of politics in general by elements of those familiar in the present.

Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit den Wahlen zum konstituierenden Reichstag in Österreich im Juni 1848 im Vergleich mit jenen zur konstituierenden Nationalversammlung in Frankreich im April 1848, und zwar unter dem Blickwinkel der Verbreitung neuer – vor allem elektoraler und repräsentativer – Politikvor¬stellungen im ländlichen Raum. Dem Ansatz liegen Begrifflichkeiten der in Frankreich seit längerem geführten Debatte um die „Politisierung“ der Landbevölkerung zugrunde. Die räumliche Beschränkung auf das Land Niederösterreich (ohne Wien) sowie das Umland von Paris, das ehemalige Département Seine-et-Oise, ermöglicht eine quellennahe Darstellung. Es handelt sich um eine inhaltlich und formal überarbeitete Fassung einer im September 2010 approbierten Dissertation; zusätzliche Archivforschungen in Frankreich im Januar/Februar 2011 haben eine Vervollständigung der Quellenbasis erlaubt.Nach der Darlegung theoretisch-methodischer Positionen zur Anwendung des international vergleichenden Ansatzes folgt eine kurze Wiedergabe der Debatten um die „Politisierung“ einschließlich neuerer Kritiken an diesem Konzept (Kapitel 2). Als Ergebnis wird der Ansatz formuliert, nicht von einer „Politisierung“ gegenüber einem „apolitischen“ Ausgangszustand der ländlichen Bevölkerungen auszugehen, sondern von einem komplexen Bündel differenziert zu analysierender Wandlungen ländlicher Politik.In einem ersten Teil erfolgt eine komparative Darstellung der demographischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Verhältnisse der beiden Untersuchungsräume (Kapitel 3), weiters der kulturellen und mentalen Voraussetzungen der Bevölkerungen hinsichtlich Mobilität, Alphabetisierung, religiösen Verhaltens sowie der Erfahrungen mit politischer Partizipation (Kapitel 4). Eine knappe Darstellung der Revolutionen von 1848 in beiden Gebieten fokussiert ihre Erscheinungsformen im ländlichen Raum (Kapitel 5).Ausführlich verglichen werden die Rechtsgrundlagen der beiden Wahlen, Vorgänge der administrativen Vorbereitung sowie der Wahlwerbung (Kapitel 6). In ihnen werden Modelle elektoraler Politik gesehen, welche von neuen und alten politischen Eliten in beiden Staaten angesichts der revolutionären Situation entworfen und mit den ihnen verfügbaren Kommunikations- und Machtmitteln an die Bevölkerungen herangetragen wurden. Der Wahlvorgang wird zunächst in seiner prozeduralen Dimension geschildert, bevor eine Analyse der Wahlentscheidungen versucht wird (Kapitel 7). Auf diesem Wege wird gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche Vorstellungen zu Sinn und Funktionsweise von Wahlen konkurrierten und sich vermischten. Dies betrifft Divergenzen zwischen den in Kapitel 6 analysierten Modellen der Eliten, aber auch deren Aufeinandertreffen mit in der breiteren Bevölkerung präsenten Vorstellungen. Dies ist in Niederösterreich gut zu beobachten, dessen ländliche Wähler das Wahlmodell ausgehend von älteren Praktiken der Interessenartikulation, die auf ständischer Gliederung der Gesellschaft beruhten, teils ver¬weigerten, teils umfunktionierten; in Seine-et-Oise sind Verhaltensweisen, die für abweichende Vor¬stellungen von Repräsentation und Wahlen sprechen, in marginalem Ausmaß neben einer weitgehenden Akzeptanz des von den Eliten vorgegebenen Modells zu finden.Obwohl die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Fällen beträchtlich sind und beide vom heute etablierten Idealbild demokratischer Wahlen erheblich abweichen, lassen sie sich in die Geschichte vielfältiger Veränderungen einordnen, in deren Verlauf ältere Vorstellungen vom Wählen im Besonderen, von Politik im Allgemeinen allmählich durch Elemente heute bekannter Modelle verdrängt wurden.

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The management of elections is increasingly generating impassioned debate in these East African nations - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The bodies that manage and conduct elections are, therefore, coming under intense citizen and stakeholder scrutiny for the manner in which they are composed, how they organise and perform their mandates, and the outcomes they achieve. The effectiveness of electoral management bodies (EMBs) has largely been influenced by the impact of political violence on election management reforms in East Africa. Even in countries where EMBs are the products of reforms initiated in the aftermath of violent disputes over elections, they still face enormous challenges in dealing with electoral disputes and anticipating election-related crises. Although changes to constitutions and the laws in these countries have sought to make EMBs independent and, therefore, more inclined to deliver free, fair and credible elections, there are many issues that determine their impartiality and their ability to allow for the aggregation and free expression of the will of the people. These shortcomings negatively impact on democracy. This volume assembles case studies on the capacity of EMBs in these five East African countries to deliver democratic and transparent elections.

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This report is an in-depth study of electoral commissions in six countries of West Africa Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone assessing their contribution in strengthening political participation in the region. As institutions that apply the rules governing elections, electoral management bodies (EMBs) have occupied, over the last two decades, the heart of discussion and practice on the critical question of effective citizen participation in the public affairs of their countries. The way in which they are established and the effectiveness of their operations have continued to preoccupy those who advocate for competitive elections, while reforms to the EMBs have taken centre stage in more general political reforms. Election Management Bodies in West Africa thus responds to the evident need for more knowledge about an institution that occupies a more and more important place in the political process in West Africa. Based on documentary research and detailed interviews in each country, the study provides a comparative analysis which highlights the similarities and differences in the structure and operations of each body, and attempts to establish the reasons for their comparative successes and failures.

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This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting held in Luxemburg in October 2023. The conference collected the most relevant debates on the development of Electronic Voting, from aspects relating to security and usability through to practical experiences and applications of voting systems, also including legal, social, or political aspects, amongst others. The 9 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected with electronic voting, including experiences and revisions of the actual uses of E-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections.

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This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting held in Luxemburg in October 2023. The conference collected the most relevant debates on the development of Electronic Voting, from aspects relating to security and usability through to practical experiences and applications of voting systems, also including legal, social, or political aspects, amongst others. The 9 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics connected with electronic voting, including experiences and revisions of the actual uses of E-voting systems and corresponding processes in elections.

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This major new book tackles key questions on Europe in the context of shifting parameters of East and West. The contributors - sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers and historians - show, from a variety of different perspectives, that the conventional equation of Europe with the West must be questioned. Featuring four thematically organized chapters, the book looks at: a post-Western world Asia in Europe: encounters in history between Europe and Asia otherness in Europe and Asia. Exploring new expressions of European self-understanding in a way that challenges recent ideological notions of the ‘clash of civilizations’, this outstanding work draws on recent scholarship that shows how Europe and Asia were mutually linked in history and in contemporary perspective. It argues that as a result of current developments and the changing geopolitical context, both Europe and Asia have much in common and that it is possible to speak of cosmopolitan links rather than clashes. This book will be of great value to students and researchers in the fields of sociology, European politics and history and cultural theory.

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This major new book tackles key questions on Europe in the context of shifting parameters of East and West. The contributors - sociologists, anthropologists, philosophers and historians - show, from a variety of different perspectives, that the conventional equation of Europe with the West must be questioned. Featuring four thematically organized chapters, the book looks at: a post-Western world Asia in Europe: encounters in history between Europe and Asia otherness in Europe and Asia. Exploring new expressions of European self-understanding in a way that challenges recent ideological notions of the ‘clash of civilizations’, this outstanding work draws on recent scholarship that shows how Europe and Asia were mutually linked in history and in contemporary perspective. It argues that as a result of current developments and the changing geopolitical context, both Europe and Asia have much in common and that it is possible to speak of cosmopolitan links rather than clashes. This book will be of great value to students and researchers in the fields of sociology, European politics and history and cultural theory.

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This book challenges the approach of relying on election outcomes to analyse party systems, contending that changes can be also identified and documented beyond the scope of parliamentary elections through legislative party switching. It argues that significant party system changes occur often within parliamentary terms, and legislative party switching is not a pathological feature of democracy but rather an integral component of democratic party systems. Offering a comprehensive and specific theoretical framework for party switching and based on a novel and exhaustive database from Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Poland, this book examines the determinants for, and implications of, legislative party switching in Central and Eastern Europe. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of legislative studies, party politics, Central and East European politics, and more broadly comparative politics and government. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution‑Non Commercial‑No Derivatives (CC‑BY‑NC‑ND) 4.0 license. Any third party material in this book is not included in the OA Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Please direct any permissions enquiries to the original rightsholder.

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Günter Grass has primarily been perceived by research and the public as an author. But he was also an influential political actor. His political work was not just limited to the Brandt era but also helped to define the Berlin Republic. By harnessing his communicative power, he shaped public discourses as an intellectual and advised top politicians, as unpublished sources and background conversations show.

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The old Japanese single-party system collapsed in 1993, but a new system has not yet fully evolved. Following the most significant party reform in Japanese history, this book analyses the most recent national elections, examining voter behaviour and how it is influenced. It provides a comprehensive overview of Japanese politics from 1955 to 1993 and a detailed historical study of events leading up to the 1996 and 2000 elections, before presenting statistical analysis of the elections themselves. The authors then look to the future, anticipating what form the new political system will take. Japanese Electoral Politics contains four very detailed case studies and a wealth of new data. It will appeal to students and researchers of Japanese politics and elections and electoral systems.

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" Voting advice applications (VAA) have supported Finnish voters for over 20 years in their voting decisions in general elections. Most Finnish VAAs are planned and provided by the media, and they are based on matching opinions of individual candidates with an individual VAA users before elections. Nowadays, in Finland, VAAs are important for almost all age groups. Among the youngest voters VAAs are viewed as the most important source of information to support voting decisions. The book provides up-to-date and comprehensive picture over the role and significance of VAAs in the Finnish political system and in the political communication arena. Research topics deal also with VAA journalism and how candidates perceive VAAs. Research data and data materials in use are wide-ranging. They range from survey data sets to questions of VAAs and from interviews of candidates and VAA producers to media content about VAAs. Theoretical research questions are mostly related to the democratic value of VAAs. This perspective is central also in the end of the book, which opens possible future pathways for the VAAs."

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The aftermath of recent Kenyan elections has been marred by violence and an apparent crisis in democratic governance, with the negotiated settlement resulting from the 2007 election bringing into sharp focus longstanding problems of state and society. The broader reform process has involved electoral, judicial and security-sector reforms, among others, which in turn revolve around constitutional reforms. Written by a gathering of eminent specialists, this highly original volume interrogates the roots and impact of the 2010 constitution. It explains why reforms were blocked in the past but were successful this time around, and explores the scope for their implementation in the face of continued resistance by powerful groups. In doing so, the book demonstrates that the Kenyan experience carries significance well past its borders, speaking to debates surrounding social justice and national cohesion across the African continent and beyond.

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Le scrutin fédéral du 10 juin 2007 a frappé les imaginations. L’ampleur des mouvements électoraux a été notable en Flandre, en Wallonie et à Bruxelles. Mais que s’est-il vraiment produit ce dimanche 10 juin 2007 dans le chef des électeurs et comment comprendre la structure du vote ? Pour approcher ces questions difficiles, le Centre d’étude de la vie politique de l’Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) a réalisé une enquête « sortie des urnes » auprès de 3 000 électeurs bruxellois et wallons : cet ouvrage en présente les résultats. Ils sont déclinés et analysés à la lumière des approches classiques du comportement électoral et des divisions propres à la société belge. Les lignes de démarcations traditionnelles sont mises en évidence : clivages socio-économique et philosophique, positionnements sur les questions de société ou sur l’ouverture à l’autre. Leur validité est testée, de même que la structuration de l’électorat par rapport à ces lignes de démarcation. Des indicateurs classiques de distinction du comportement, comme le niveau de capital scolaire, sont aussi abordés pour mesurer leur pertinence et leur influence sur l’expression du vote. Mais des thématiques moins habituelles, plus nouvelles, sont aussi traitées : l’examen des transferts de voix d’une élection à l’autre, le comportement électoral d’un groupe de plus en plus important – l’électorat de confession musulmane – ou encore la configuration à Bruxelles, parent pauvre des études électorales en Belgique. Au final, l’ouvrage donne nombre d’indications permettant de comprendre les ressorts du vote dans l’espace francophone en Belgique et d’approcher ce qui s’est produit le 10 juin 2007 chez les électeurs.

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"L’ouvrage d’Issaka K. Souaré est un véritable tour de force intellectuel sur un sujet important, mais paradoxalement peu étudié. En adoptant une perspective théorique alliant jeux d’acteurs et cadres institutionnels, il retrace l’histoire des partis politiques africains depuis la période coloniale tout en offrant une analyse documentée et contextualisée des dynamiques électorales récentes, avec un accent particulier sur les partis d’opposition." Mamoudou Gazibo Professeur de science politique, Université de Montréal. Issaka K. Souaré est spécialiste des questions de gouvernance, de paix et de sécurité en Afrique. Il a notamment travaillé comme Conseiller spécial du Haut représentant de l’Union africaine pour le Mali et le Sahel. Il a écrit, entre autres, Guerres civiles et coups d’État en Afrique de l’Ouest (Paris, 2007) et Africa in the United Nations System, 1945-2005 (Londres, 2006).
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched OpenEdition Books Select 2018: HSS Backlist Books

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"L’ouvrage d’Issaka K. Souaré est un véritable tour de force intellectuel sur un sujet important, mais paradoxalement peu étudié. En adoptant une perspective théorique alliant jeux d’acteurs et cadres institutionnels, il retrace l’histoire des partis politiques africains depuis la période coloniale tout en offrant une analyse documentée et contextualisée des dynamiques électorales récentes, avec un accent particulier sur les partis d’opposition." Mamoudou Gazibo Professeur de science politique, Université de Montréal. Issaka K. Souaré est spécialiste des questions de gouvernance, de paix et de sécurité en Afrique. Il a notamment travaillé comme Conseiller spécial du Haut représentant de l’Union africaine pour le Mali et le Sahel. Il a écrit, entre autres, Guerres civiles et coups d’État en Afrique de l’Ouest (Paris, 2007) et Africa in the United Nations System, 1945-2005 (Londres, 2006).
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched OpenEdition Books Select 2018: HSS Backlist Books

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A critical and timely collection that argues for the centrality of propaganda in discussions about the contemporary media landscape and its informational ecosystems. This book explores how “propaganda,” a foundational concept within media and communication studies, has recently been replaced by alternative terms (disinformation, misinformation, and fake news) that fail to capture the continuities and disruptions of ongoing strategic attempts to (mis)guide public opinion. Edited by Nelson Ribeiro and Barbie Zelizer, the collection highlights how these concepts must be understood as part of a long legacy of propaganda and not just as new phenomena that have emerged in the context of the digital media environment. Chapters explore the strategies and effects of propaganda through a variety of globally diverse case studies, featuring both democracies and autocratic regimes, and highlight how only by understanding propagandistic forms and strategies can we fully begin to understand how public opinion is being molded today by those who resort to deception and falsehood to gain or keep hold of power. An important resource for students and scholars of media and communication studies and those who are studying and/or researching media and propaganda, media and power, disinformation, fake news, and political communication. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license

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A critical and timely collection that argues for the centrality of propaganda in discussions about the contemporary media landscape and its informational ecosystems. This book explores how “propaganda,” a foundational concept within media and communication studies, has recently been replaced by alternative terms (disinformation, misinformation, and fake news) that fail to capture the continuities and disruptions of ongoing strategic attempts to (mis)guide public opinion. Edited by Nelson Ribeiro and Barbie Zelizer, the collection highlights how these concepts must be understood as part of a long legacy of propaganda and not just as new phenomena that have emerged in the context of the digital media environment. Chapters explore the strategies and effects of propaganda through a variety of globally diverse case studies, featuring both democracies and autocratic regimes, and highlight how only by understanding propagandistic forms and strategies can we fully begin to understand how public opinion is being molded today by those who resort to deception and falsehood to gain or keep hold of power. An important resource for students and scholars of media and communication studies and those who are studying and/or researching media and propaganda, media and power, disinformation, fake news, and political communication.

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Accountability is crucial to every successful democratic system. The failure to develop functioning mechanisms of accountability has undermined democratic consolidation worldwide. Reliable tools that hold officials accountable are essential for democratic governance; one of the key threats to accountability comes from corrupt practices, especially when they are integrated—or normalized—in the day-to-day activities of institutions. This book focuses on the experiences of contemporary Ukraine to evaluate the successes and failures of institutions, politicians, political parties, bureaucracies, and civil society. Yet, the topic is directly relevant to countries that have experienced democratic backsliding, and especially those countries that are at risk. Normalizing Corruption addresses several interconnected questions: Under what circumstances do incumbents lose elections? How well do party organizations encourage cohesive behavior? Is executive authority responsive to inquiries from public organizations and other government institutions? How can citizens influence government actions? Do civil servants conduct their duties as impartial professionals, or are they beholden to other interests? The research builds upon extensive fieldwork, data collection, and data analysis that Erik S. Herron has conducted since 1999.

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Erik J. Engstrom offers a historical perspective on the effects of gerrymandering on elections and party control of the U.S. national legislature. Aside from the requirements that districts be continuous and, after 1842, that each select only one representative, there were few restrictions on congressional districting. Unrestrained, state legislators drew and redrew districts to suit their own partisan agendas. With the rise of the “one-person, one-vote” doctrine and the implementation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, however, redistricting became subject to court oversight. Engstrom evaluates the abundant cross-sectional and temporal variation in redistricting plans and their electoral results from all the states, from 1789 through the 1960s, to identify the causes and consequences of partisan redistricting. His analysis reveals that districting practices across states and over time systematically affected the competitiveness of congressional elections, shaped the partisan composition of congressional delegations, and, on occasion, determined party control of the House of Representatives.

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The freedom potential of modern societies, above all the justification of political authority, is today linked to a democratically constituted order. What is meant by the idea of being democratic seems, however, to be anything but clear. Is it only a question of representing the people through elections, ballots, and political parties, or does it include institutional culture, the division of powers, and the legal regime within a community? A "philosophy of the republic", as developed in this volume's contributions, shows that the current "dominance of the democratic" falls short of accounting for the independent significance to the republican self-organisation of state and society.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Open Services

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Continuing the tradition of L’Afrique des grands lacs. Annuaire, this companion volume to Conjonctures de l’Afrique centrale (Paris, L’Harmattan) offers a survey of political developments in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda throughout 2019. In Burundi, the year has been marked by the run-up to the 2020 elections. President Nkurunziza announced he would not stand for another term, which could make the contest more open. However, the opposition inside and outside the country remained weak, and political space continued to be constrained. The DRC has been marked by the search for a viable cohabitation between President Tshisekedi’s Cap pour le changement (CACH) and his predecessor Joseph Kabila’s Front commun pour le Congo (FCC). Despite some incidents between these political platforms, the two men have avoided institutional stalemate, but Tshisekedi’s room for manoeuvre has proved limited. Insecurity in the east of the country continues to claim many civilian lives. Rwanda was marked by business as usual, with an autocratic regime suppressing dissident voices and committing considerable human rights abuses. However, technocratic governance remains good. Uganda is gearing up for elections in 2021, and President Museveni will stand for a sixth term, and possibly for a presidency for life. Faced with resistance, the regime is attempting to remain in control, and is doing so heavy-handedly. At the regional level, relations between the DRC and Rwanda have improved, but those between Rwanda on the one hand, and Burundi and Uganda on the other, have remained hostile and marred by serious incidents.

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In Politics as a Science, two of the world's leading authorities on Comparative Politics, Philippe C. Schmitter and Marc Blecher, provide a lively introduction to the concepts and framework to study and analyze politics. Written with dexterity, concision and clarity, this short text makes no claim to being scientific. It contains no disprovable hypotheses, no original collection of evidence and no search for patterns of association. Instead, Schmitter and Blecher keep the text broadly conceptual and theoretical to convey their vision of the sprawling subject of politics. They map the process in which researchers try to specify the goal of the trip, some of the landmarks likely to be encountered en route and the boundaries that will circumscribe the effort. Examples, implications and elaborations are included in footnotes throughout the book. Politics as a Science is an ideal introduction for anyone interested in, or studying, comparative politics. “The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781003032144, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.”

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Interest in politics and the political process—topics that economists consider to be the purview of the sub-field of study known as public choice—appears to be as high as ever. This Special Issue aims to provide a collection of high-quality studies covering many of the varied topics traditionally investigated in the growing field of public choice economics. These include expressive and instrumental voting, checks and balances in the enforcement of rules, electoral disproportionality, foreign aid and political freedom, voting cycles, (in)stability of political ideology, federal spending on environmental goods, pork-barrel and general appropriations spending, politics and taxpayer funding for professional sports arenas, and political scandal and “friends-and-neighbors” voting in general elections. In bringing these topics together in one place, this Special Issue offers a mix of conceptual/formal and empirical studies in public choice economics.

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In a previous volume, State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years (2001, reprinted by ANU E Press in 2004), a collection of papers by the author published between 1971 and 2001 was put together to mark Papua New Guinea's first 25 years as an independent state. This volume presents a collection of papers written between 2001 and 2021, which update the story of political and social development in Papua New Guinea in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The chapters cover a range of topics, from an evaluation of proposals for political reform in the early 2000s, a review of the discussion of 'failing states’ in the island Pacific and the shift to limited preferential voting in 2007, to a detailed account of political developments from the move against Sir Michael Somare in 2011 to the election of Prime Minister Marape and his performance to 2022. There are also chapters on language policy, external and internal security, religious fundamentalism and national identity, and the sustainability of economic growth.

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As the American election administration landscape changes as a result of major court cases, national and state legislation, changes in professionalism, and the evolution of equipment and security, so must the work of on-the-ground practitioners change. This Open Access title presents a series of case studies designed to highlight practical responses to these changes from the national, state, and local levels. This book is designed to be a companion piece to The Future of Election Administration, which surveys these critical dimensions of elections from the perspectives of the most forward-thinking practitioner, policy, advocacy, and research experts and leaders in these areas today. Drawing upon principles of professionalism and the practical work that is required to administer elections as part of the complex systems, this book lifts up the voices and experiences of practitioners from around the country to describe, analyze, and anticipate the key areas of election administration systems on which students, researchers, advocates, policy makers, and practitioners should focus. Together, these books add to the emerging body of literature that is part of the election sciences community with an emphasis on the practical aspects of administration.

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As the American election administration landscape changes as a result of major court cases, national and state legislation, changes in professionalism, and the evolution of equipment and security, so must the work of on-the-ground practitioners change. This Open Access title presents a series of case studies designed to highlight practical responses to these changes from the national, state, and local levels. This book is designed to be a companion piece to The Future of Election Administration, which surveys these critical dimensions of elections from the perspectives of the most forward-thinking practitioner, policy, advocacy, and research experts and leaders in these areas today. Drawing upon principles of professionalism and the practical work that is required to administer elections as part of the complex systems, this book lifts up the voices and experiences of practitioners from around the country to describe, analyze, and anticipate the key areas of election administration systems on which students, researchers, advocates, policy makers, and practitioners should focus. Together, these books add to the emerging body of literature that is part of the election sciences community with an emphasis on the practical aspects of administration.

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Cowinner of the International Studies Association’s Chadwick F. Alger Prize, Winner of the American Political Science Association’s Comparative Democratization Section Best Book Award, and Cowinner of the Yale University MacMillan Center’s Gustav Ranis International Book Prize.Why did election monitoring become an international norm? Why do "pseudo-democrats" (undemocratic leaders who present themselves as democratic) invite international observers, even when they are likely to be caught manipulating elections? Is election observation an effective tool of democracy promotion, or is it simply a way to legitimize electoral autocracies? This book uses cross-national data on election observations since 1960 and case studies of Armenia, Indonesia, Haiti, Peru, Togo, and Zimbabwe to explain international election monitoring with a new theory of international norms.

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This book engages in a constructive, practical debate on the nature and effects of uncertainty in global politics. International contributors explore the processes associated with different forms of uncertainty in the context of environmental issues, diplomacy and international negotiations, and conflict and security. From the collapse of the Soviet Union to the 1997 and 2008 financial crises to the Arab Uprisings and the European migrant crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, assessments of many events with lasting consequences on the global order have begun with: “why didn’t we see this coming?” There is much to learn from how phenomena that affect the global order generate uncertainty and what effects such uncertainty has on actors and issues. Presenting perspectives from all corners of the discipline and emerging and established scholars the book provides an up-to-date overview of the state of the literature; a concise yet conceptually rich theoretical framework; a mix of regional and global contemporary issues; process-oriented empirical evidence and methodological tools to assess different forms of uncertainty and propose practical solutions to addressing uncertainty in diverse contexts. The book will be of interest to scholars of global politics, international security, global environmental politics, international organizations and institutions, social movements, and conflict studies.

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Multiparty elections have become the bellwether by which all democracies are judged, and the spread of these systems across Africa has been widely hailed as a sign of the continent’s progress towards stability and prosperity. But such elections bring their own challenges, particularly the often intense internecine violence following disputed results.While the consequences of such violence can be profound, undermining the legitimacy of the democratic process and in some cases plunging countries into civil war or renewed dictatorship, little is known about the causes. By mapping, analysing and comparing instances of election violence in different localities across Africa – including Kenya, Ivory Coast and Uganda – this collection of detailed case studies sheds light on the underlying dynamics and sub-national causes behind electoral conflicts, revealing them to be the result of a complex interplay between democratisation and the older, patronage-based system of ‘Big Man’ politics. Essential for scholars and policymakers across the social sciences and humanities interested in democratization, peace-keeping and peace studies, Violence in African Elections provides important insights into why some communities prove more prone to electoral violence than others, offering practical suggestions for preventing violence through improved electoral monitoring, voter education, and international assistance.

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Muhtadi’s analysis of vote-buying in post-democratization Indonesia is original, profound, subtle, nuanced, and convincing as well as beautifully organized and well written. Equally important, its imaginative policy prescriptions will be widely read and cited as a significant contribution to the literature of comparative electoral politics.

—William Liddle, Ohio State University, USA

This book presents a pathbreaking analysis of vote-buying in Indonesia. Drawing on a stunning array of evidence, Muhtadi reveals the mechanics, patterns and effects of vote-buying with unprecedented clarity. [Title] is a must read for anyone interested in Indonesian politics or in the comparative politics of clientelism.

—Edward Aspinall, Australian National University, Australia

This book contains a trove of interesting research questions, a novel theoretical contribution, impressive empirical work, and a deep and nuanced understanding of the Indonesian case.

—Allen Hicken, University of Michigan, USA

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

This book investigates the impact of vote buying on the accountability of democratic institutions and policy representation in newly democratic countries, with a focus on Indonesia. In doing so, the book presents a wide-ranging study of the dynamics of vote buying in Indonesia’s young democracy, exploring the nature, extent, determinants, targeting and effectiveness of this practice. It addresses these central issues in the context of comparative studies of vote buying, arguing that although party loyalists are disproportionately targeted in vote buying efforts, in total numbers—given the relatively small number of party loyalists in Indonesia—vote buying hits more uncommitted voters. It also demonstrates that the effectiveness of vote buying on vote choice is in the 10 percent range, which is sufficient for many candidates to secure a seat and thus explains why they still engage in vote buying despite high levels of leakage.

Burhanuddin Muhtadi is a lecturer at State Islamic University, Jakarta. He is also an executive director of Indonesian Political Indicator and Director of Public Affairs at Indonesian Survey Institute (LSI). He has published his articles in numerous scholarly journals.

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Post-war democratization has been identified as a crucial mechanism to build peace in war-ridden societies, supposedly allowing belligerents to compete through ballots rather than bullets. A byproduct of this process, however, is that military leaders often become an integral part of the new democratic system, using resources and networks generated from the previous war to dominate the emerging political landscape. The crucial and thus-far overlooked question to be addressed, therefore, is what effect the inclusion of ex-militaries into electoral politics has on post-war security. Can 'warlord democrats' make a positive contribution by shepherding their wartime constituencies to support the building of peace and democracy, or are they likely to use their electoral platforms to sponsor political violence and keep war-affected communities mobilized through aggressive discourses? This important volume, containing a wealth of fresh empirical detail and theoretical insight, and focussing on some of Africa's most high-profile political figures – from Paul Kagame to Riek Machar to Afonso Dhlakama – represents a crucial intervention in the literature of post-war democratization.

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This book investigates the reasons behind the 2017 youthquake – which saw the highest rate of youth turnout in a quarter of a century, and an unprecedented gap in youth support for Labour over the Conservative Party – from both a comparative and a theoretical perspective. It compares youth turnout and party allegiance over time and traces changes in youth political participation in the UK since the onset of the 2008 global financial crisis – from austerity, to the 2016 EU referendum, to the rise of Corbyn – up until the election in June 2017 General Election. The book identifies the rise of cosmopolitan values and left-leaning attitudes amongst Young Millennials - particularly students and young women. The situation in the UK is also contrasted with developments in youth participation in other established democracies, including the youthquakes inspired by Obama in the US (2008) and Trudeau in Canada (2015).

James Sloam is Reader in Politics at Royal Holloway, University of London, UK. He is co-convenor of the UK Political Studies Association (PSA) specialist group on young people’s politics. His work focuses on youth politics in Europe and the United States, inequalities in political participation, and the role of education in democratic engagement.Matt Henn is Professor of Social Research at Nottingham Trent University, UK. He is the Research Coordinator for Politics and International Relations and Coordinator of Postgraduate Research in the School of Social Sciences. He has published widely on the subject of young people and politics over the last two decades.

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This book investigates the reasons behind the 2017 youthquake – which saw the highest rate of youth turnout in a quarter of a century, and an unprecedented gap in youth support for Labour over the Conservative Party – from both a comparative and a theoretical perspective. It compares youth turnout and party allegiance over time and traces changes in youth political participation in the UK since the onset of the 2008 global financial crisis – from austerity, to the 2016 EU referendum, to the rise of Corbyn – up until the election in June 2017 General Election. The book identifies the rise of cosmopolitan values and left-leaning attitudes amongst Young Millennials - particularly students and young women. The situation in the UK is also contrasted with developments in youth participation in other established democracies, including the youthquakes inspired by Obama in the US (2008) and Trudeau in Canada (2015).

James Sloam is Reader in Politics at Royal Holloway, University of London, UK. He is co-convenor of the UK Political Studies Association (PSA) specialist group on young people’s politics. His work focuses on youth politics in Europe and the United States, inequalities in political participation, and the role of education in democratic engagement.Matt Henn is Professor of Social Research at Nottingham Trent University, UK. He is the Research Coordinator for Politics and International Relations and Coordinator of Postgraduate Research in the School of Social Sciences. He has published widely on the subject of young people and politics over the last two decades.

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