The new concept for mobile environmental education extends the traditional media-based environmental interpretation by means of a mobile context-aware computer. This mobile nature guide system can assist its user during self-determined exploration by adapting its presentation to the usage situation, preferences and current environmental conditions. The impact of the prototype mobile nature guide on environmental literacy and user satisfaction has been compared to traditional media in the field.

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This Special Issue on advanced sensor technologies contains contributions on the latest developments in mobile robotic systems and related research. Various topics with different ideas and applications from mobile robotics have found their place. New ideas are presented for mobile robots that specialise in cleaning floors, power lines and HVAC systems. We also find innovative approaches for navigation path planning using local minima-free potential fields, novel path primitives and/or their parameterisation for minimum-time planning, and various control approaches ranging from visual serving to model predictive and adaptive trajectory tracking, applied to wheeled robots, humanoid manipulators and flying robots. Localisation approaches using LiDAR, motion capture systems, fingerprint-based and biomechanical gait systems are also discussed. In addition to advances in methodology, applications in healthcare, mining tunnels, cleaning, warehouses and other areas are mentioned.

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This reprint covers works related to research on the environments of coastal zones and inland waters, solving complex and current scientific problems in these areas. Tasks undertaken by the authors address current research trends using contemporary remote sensing techniques and cover various thematic areas or scientific approaches. Some works propose new possibilities of using geospatial data or methods of remote sensing data processing. They include issues related to the use of augmented and virtual reality, object-oriented image analysis, UAV-based photogrammetry, fusion of hydroacoustic and photogrammetric data, spatial interpolation, and geodata reduction techniques. These methods are being developed to support safe navigation in inland waters; low-cost monitoring of underwater objects; creating bathymetric maps and topobathymetric digital models or mapping submerged aquatic vegetation. The papers also focus on improving existing solutions and demonstrate new research approaches, including atmospheric correction, adjacency effects for remotely sensed images, classification of wetland vegetation, as well as determining the speed of sound in shallow waters for hydrography applications. These papers demonstrate the potential of the information contained in the remote sensing data acquired by the various platforms, as well as techniques for image processing based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE).

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The agricultural environment refers to the combination of various natural and artificially modified natural factors that affect the survival and development of agricultural organisms, including farmland, forest, grassland, irrigation water, air, light, the heat and chemical fertilizers applied to farmland, pesticides, and agricultural equipment. These factors constitute a comprehensive agricultural environment system, interacting with each other and affecting agricultural production together. As a vital component of the agricultural environment, plant protection equipment plays an indispensable role in agricultural production. The intellectualization of plant protection equipment is important in driving agricultural development processes. With the advantages of saving time and effort, precision, and a high efficiency, intelligent plant protection equipment makes great contributions to cost reduction, increasing incomes, as well as to the healthy and sustainable development of agriculture. In this Special Issue, we aim to exchange knowledge on any aspect related to the agricultural environment and intelligent plant protection equipment to promote sustainable agricultural development.

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Verkehr ist Kultur. Er bestimmt darüber, was sich wo und auf welchen Wegen befindet, wer aufeinandertrifft und wer nicht - er bildet die Grundlage der Netzwerke, die Menschen und Dinge miteinander eingehen. Mit der Automatisierung des Verkehrs, der Etablierung von Fahrassistenzsystemen und der Entwicklung selbstfahrender Autos stehen nicht nur die Verhältnisse menschlicher und nicht-menschlicher Verkehrsteilnehmender in Frage. Nicht nur die ethischen und juristischen Grundlagen des Straßenverkehrs, sondern auch die basalen Bedingungen des Umgangs miteinander müssen neu verhandelt werden. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes analysieren aus medien- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive die Transformationen der Mobilität, die Verkehrswende und das vielfach aufgeladene Objekt Auto.

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Wirbelstrom-Sensoren ermöglichen die Realisierung einer rein bordautonomen Ortung von Schienenfahrzeugen. Diese basiert dabei auf zwei diversitären Verfahren. Zum einen wird die Geschwindigkeit berührungslos gemessen, zum anderen lassen sich Weichen und Weichenbauteile detektieren und mit einem Bayes-Klassifikator klassifizieren. Gestützt mit einem Hidden-Markov-Modell (HMM) zur Modellierung der Infrastruktur lässt sich eine absolute Position bestimmen und somit ein Ortungssystem realisieren.

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Advances in the knowledge of the tangible components (position, size, shape) and intangible components (identity, habits) of an historic building or site involves fundamental and complex tasks in any project related to the conservation of cultural heritage (CH). In recent years, new geotechnologies have proven their usefulness and added value to the field of cultural heritage (CH) in the tasks of recording, modeling, conserving, and visualizing. In addition, current developments in building information modeling (HBIM), allow integration and simulation of different sources of information, generating a digital twin of any complex CH construction. As a result, experts in the area have increased the number of available sensors and methodologies. However, the quick evolution of geospatial technologies makes it necessary to revise their use, integration, and application in CH. This process is difficult to adopt, due to the new options which are opened for the study, analysis, management, and valorization of CH. Therefore, the aim of the present Special Issue is to cover the latest relevant topics, trends, and best practices in geospatial technologies and processing methodologies for CH sites and scenarios as well as to introduce the new tendencies. This book originates from the Special Issue “Data Acquisition and Processing in Cultural Heritage”, focusing primarily on data and sensor integration for CH; documentation/restoration in CH; heritage 3D documentation and modeling of complex CH sites; drone inspections in CH; software development in CH; and augmented reality in CH. It is hoped that this book will provide the advice and guidance required for any CH professional, making the best possible use of these sensors and methods in CH.

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Kopenhagen 1723. Der norwegische Amtmann Povel Juel soll Peter dem Großen angetragen haben, eine russische Kolonie auf Grönland zu errichten. Auf dem Weg dorthin wollte er Island, die Färöer und Norwegen erobern - mithin Erblande des dänischen Königs. Ein verwegener Hochverrat, der das Machtgefüge im Norden Europas durcheinandergewirbelt hätte, wäre der Plan nicht ans Licht gekommen. So aber ließ der König seinen Amtmann grausam hinrichten. Martin Schaad unterzieht die Prozessakten einer Revision und versucht damit Povel Juel zu rehabilitieren. Ein mikrohistorischer Streifzug durch die Geschichte des Strafrechts, der Wikinger, der Navigation, der Kartographie, des Klimas und des bargeldlosen Zahlungsverkehrs.

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Das »Deutsche Schifffahrtsarchiv« (DSA) ist das seit 1975 erscheinende wissenschaftliche Periodikum des Deutschen Schifffahrtsmuseums/Leibniz-Institut für Maritime Geschichte (DSM). Schwerpunkt ist die deutsche Schifffahrtsgeschichte in ihren globalen Verflechtungen. Die Beiträger*innen in Band 41 zeigen die Vielfalt der schifffahrtsgeschichtlichen Forschung innerhalb verschiedenster Fachdisziplinen.

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This Open Access book provides a comprehensive and multi-layered understanding of the development of Adriatic Sea nautical cartography from its beginnings in the late Middle Ages to the implementation of geodetic and hydrographic surveys in the early nineteenth century. During the early modern period, the importance of nautical charts exceeded mere navigational purpose as they also became a medium for conveying an extensive array of socioeconomic information and messages. The authors examine how the geographical characteristics and social elements of the Adriatic Sea and its surroundings were observed, understood, and cartographically represented in accordance with contemporary scientific, technological, socioeconomic, cultural, or political frameworks using various phenomenological viewpoints and methodological techniques. Since the Adriatic Sea has historically functioned as a smaller-scale version of the Mediterranean, its contents transcend its geographical boundaries and are also broadly applicable to other Mediterranean regions.

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There are various malignant tumors in the head and neck area, including oral cavity, pharynx, sinonasal cavity, and salivary glands. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common cancer among head and neck cancers. In salivary glands, there are many types of malignancies that can develop, such as malignant lymphoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and mesenchymal tumors. In a clinical setting, imaging, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is very important in terms of the prediction of the histological type and the evaluation of the extent of invasion of adjacent structures. In basic research, there are few animal models in head and neck malignancies. In this Special Issue, we broadly discuss the basic and clinical research in head and neck malignancies.

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In recent years, rapid development in robotics, mobile, and communication technologies has encouraged many studies in the field of localization and navigation in indoor environments. An accurate localization system that can operate in an indoor environment has considerable practical value, because it can be built into autonomous mobile systems or a personal navigation system on a smartphone for guiding people through airports, shopping malls, museums and other public institutions, etc. Such a system would be particularly useful for blind people. Modern smartphones are equipped with numerous sensors (such as inertial sensors, cameras, and barometers) and communication modules (such as WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC, LTE/5G, and UWB capabilities), which enable the implementation of various localization algorithms, namely, visual localization, inertial navigation system, and radio localization. For the mapping of indoor environments and localization of autonomous mobile sysems, LIDAR sensors are also frequently used in addition to smartphone sensors. Visual localization and inertial navigation systems are sensitive to external disturbances; therefore, sensor fusion approaches can be used for the implementation of robust localization algorithms. These have to be optimized in order to be computationally efficient, which is essential for real-time processing and low energy consumption on a smartphone or robot.

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As the ultimate information processing device, the brain naturally lends itself to being studied with information theory. The application of information theory to neuroscience has spurred the development of principled theories of brain function, and has led to advances in the study of consciousness, as well as to the development of analytical techniques to crack the neural code—that is, to unveil the language used by neurons to encode and process information. In particular, advances in experimental techniques enabling the precise recording and manipulation of neural activity on a large scale now enable for the first time the precise formulation and the quantitative testing of hypotheses about how the brain encodes and transmits the information used for specific functions across areas. This Special Issue presents twelve original contributions on novel approaches in neuroscience using information theory, and on the development of new information theoretic results inspired by problems in neuroscience.

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The rapid development of advanced, arguably, intelligent sensors and their massive deployment provide a foundation for new paradigms to combat the challenges that arise in significant tasks such as positioning, tracking, navigation, and smart sensing in various environments. Relevant advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are also finding rapid adoption by industry and fan the fire. Consequently, research on intelligent sensing systems and technologies has attracted considerable attention during the past decade, leading to a variety of effective applications related to intelligent transportation, autonomous vehicles, wearable computing, wireless sensor networks (WSN), and the internet of things (IoT). In particular, the sensors community has a great interest in novel, intelligent information fusion, and data mining methods coupling AI and ML for substantial performance enhancement, especially for the challenging scenarios that make traditional approaches inappropriate. This reprint book has collected 14 excellent papers that represent state-of-the-art achievements in the relevant topics and provides cutting-edge coverage of recent advances in sensor signal and data mining techniques, algorithms, and approaches, particularly applied for positioning, tracking, navigation, and smart sensing.

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The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere that extends from about 50 km to 1000 km above the Earth's surface. It is ionized by solar radiation, which creates ions and free electrons in the upper atmosphere. These ions and electrons reflect radio waves back to the Earth's surface, allowing long-distance radio communication as well as absorption of harmful solar radiation. Ionospheric conductivity monitoring assesses the state of the ionosphere and improves the accuracy of satellite communications. This book is organized into two sections on the influence and impact of transient or orbiting humanmade objects into the ionosphere and the monitoring and modeling of the temporal evolution of the ionosphere. The information presented will lead to a better understanding and forecasting of the ionosphere’s dynamic.

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This book contains the latest research on machine learning and embedded computing in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). It encompasses research in detection, tracking, LiDAR

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Maritime transport contributes to over 80% of global trading volumes. As such, marine policy has received a large amount of attention from industrial practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and the local community. In general, marine policy covers a wide-ranging area, including governance, international relations, economics, environments, and operations, amongst others. To a certain extent, marine policy fosters the sustainable development of the maritime industry. There has been a wide range of research in different disciplines of marine policy.The purpose of this book is to publish the most intriguing research with respect to the above subjects and to provide a rapid turn-around time regarding reviewing and publishing, as well as to disseminate articles freely for research, teaching, and reference purposes. Furthermore, the book aims to keep readers up to date with the latest developments and research in maritime affairs.

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This reprint is a printed edition of the Special Issue on Maritime Autonomous Vessels that was published in the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. It contains an editorial and 17 peer-reviewed research studies in the field of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), Unmanned Surface Vessels (USVs), Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), and underwater gliders, to name a few. The main goal of this reprint is to address key challenges, thereby promoting research on marine autonomous ships. There are many topics on autonomous vessels involved in this reprint, for instance, automatic control, manoeuvrability, collision avoidance, ship target identification, motion planning, and buckling analysis.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Navigationsstrategien erforscht, die es einer Laufmaschine im Gelände ermöglichen, ein vorgegebenes Ziel autonom zu erreichen.Hierbei werden die Teilbereiche der Navigation, Lokalisation, Umweltmodellierung, Bahnplanung sowie Adaption an das Gelände unter Berücksichtigung der speziellen Anforderungen und Randbedingungen von Laufmaschinen eingehend untersucht.

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Beeinträchtigungen der optischen Wahrnehmung führen bei Menschen zu großen Herausforderungen der alltäglichen Mobilität. Konventionelle Mobilitätshilfen wie der Blindenlangstock liefern in unbekannten oder unstrukturierten Umgebungen häufig keine ausreichende Unterstützung, sodass die Assistenz sehender Personen benötigt wird. Um dennoch ein erhöhtes Maß an Selbstständigkeit zu ermöglichen, werden im Rahmen dieser Dissertation Methoden des maschinellen Lernens für die Assistenz untersucht. Dabei werden Daten einer 3D-Kamera mittels faltender neuronaler Netze semantisch segmentiert, um Wegverläufe und Hindernisse in gering strukturierter Umgebung zu kartieren. Des Weiteren werden ergänzende Sensormodalitäten zur Erfassung der Umgebung untersucht. Die gewonnenen Informationen können in Umgebungskarten überführt und durch die Berechnung eines sicheren Pfades für die Navigation genutzt werden. Die Navigationsanweisungen können schließlich über akustische und vibrotaktile Schnittstellen an die nutzende Person intuitiv übermittelt werden. Mittels eines Demonstrators in Form eines Rucksacks werden die Methoden werden im Rahmen von Labor- und Feldtests bewertet. Die Nutzerfreundlichkeit und Intuitivität werden im Rahmen von Probandenstudien untersucht.

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Robust navigation as well as mapping of the environment are critical for autonomous aerial vehicles. This is especially challenging in poor visual conditions or degraded GNSS. Therefore, this thesis proposes multi-sensor fusion approaches based on FMCW radar, cameras and inertial sensors. These approaches can cope with such challenging conditions as demonstrated in different scenarios.

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Discover the complexities of pediatric orthopedics in this comprehensive reprint book. Pediatric orthopedics present unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment, necessitating the expertise of skilled specialists. Congenital, developmental, and acquired orthopedic issues, including infectious, neuromuscular, nutritional, neoplastic, psychogenic, and traumatic conditions, are explored. With a focus on evidence-based recommendations, this book addresses the management of orthopedic deformities in children by considering different clinical scenarios. From upper and lower limb injuries to severe trauma, readers will gain insights into decision-making processes for reconstruction or amputation. As a valuable resource for orthopedic surgeons, pediatricians, and healthcare professionals, this reprint fills knowledge gaps to optimize patient care.

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The aim of this Printed Edition of Special Issue entitled "Recent Advancements in Radar Imaging and Sensing Technology” was to gather the latest research results in the area of modern radar technology using active and/or radar imaging sensing techniques in different applications, including both military use and a broad spectrum of civilian applications. As a result, the 19 papers that have been published highlighted a variety of topics related to modern radar imaging and microwave sensing technology. The sequence of articles included in the Printed Edition of Special Issue dealt with wide aspects of different applications of radar imaging and sensing technology in the area of topics including high-resolution radar imaging, novel Synthetic Apertura Radar (SAR) and Inverse SAR (ISAR) imaging techniques, passive radar imaging technology, modern civilian applications of using radar technology for sensing, multiply-input multiply-output (MIMO) SAR imaging, tomography imaging, among others.

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The Special Issue entitled “Remote Sensing in Vessel Detection and Navigation” comprises 15 articles on many topics related to remote sensing with navigational sensors. The sequence of articles included in this Special Issue is in line with the latest scientific trends. The latest developments in science, including artificial intelligence, were used. It can be said that navigation and vessel detection remain important and hot topics, and a lot of work will continue to be done worldwide. New techniques and methods for analyzing and extracting information from navigational sensors and data have been proposed and verified. Some of these will spark further research, and some are already mature and can be considered for industrial implementation and development.

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The increasing complexity of infrastructures and densely built-up areas requires a proper registration of the legal status (private and public), which can only be provided to a limited extent by the existing 2D cadastral registrations. The registration of the legal status in complex 3D situations is investigated under the header of 3D Cadastres. This publication, containing 13 selected contributions on 3D Cadastre, addresses the following areas:

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This reprint is a reprint of the articles that appeared in Sensors' (MDPI) Special Issue on “Sensors and Systems for Indoor Positioning". The published original contributions focused on systems and technologies to enable indoor applications.

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This is a collection of recent advances on sensors, systems, and signal/image processing methods for biomedicine and assisted living. It includes methods for heart, sleep, and vital sign measurement; human motion-related signal analysis; assistive systems; and image- and video-based diagnostic systems. It provides an overview of the state-of-the-art challenges in the respective topics and future directions. This will be useful for researchers in various domains, including computer science, electrical engineering, biomedicine, and healthcare researchers.

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In the last 20 years, two factors have revolutionized the way space missions and applications are conceived, namely an increased access to space guaranteed by new launch providers and advances in miniaturized technologies. These two factors have rapidly made small satellites a reliable tool for scientific, commercial, and educational activities in space. Acting as a part of a larger mission along with larger satellites, or even substituting the latter in some cases, small satellites have now become a reality in modern space missions. This Special Issue aims to address the recent advances in small satellites’ technology and the resulting impact on space missions.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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Under one cover, this reprint collects twelve original research papers and one review paper submitted to the Special Issue “State-of-the-Art Mathematical Applications in Europe” and published in the MDPI journal Mathematics from December 2021 to January 2023. This Special Issue published original research papers from European researchers and their collaborators on popular topics in all fields of mathematics. The Editors received papers from Spain, Slovenia, Romania, Italy, Greece, Russia, Montenegro, and Turkey. Most of the contributions were related to various fields in applied mathematics, and several papers addressed problems in pure mathematics, particularly algebra.

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