This book contains research articles on the advances in the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS), the spinal growth related to the implementation of growth modulation for the surgical treatment of early-onset IS, the non-surgical treatment of IS using Physiotheraputic Scoliosis Specific Exercises, and braces. Additionally, it focuses on issues related to surgical treatment, issues related to body posture and the quality of life of this sensitive group of people. The high quality of published papers in this Special Issue of the JCM serve these objectives.

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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a well-studied Gram-negative bacterium that can often be found in the oral cavity of young individuals. It has several virulence factors and a large genetic diversity, which results in both harmless and highly virulent genotypes. To determine the virulence potential of the isolated bacteria, genetic profiling is recommended. Advanced knowledge of the virulence mechanisms induced by this bacterium is important for the development of future personalized preventive and treatment strategies. The fifteen papers in this book provide a strong and relevant background that can contribute to the improvement of future diagnosis and research strategies.

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Despite extensive clinical and basic research, we know very little about the aetiology and pathomechanism of biliary atresia (BA). Today, it is a matter of common sense that early diagnosis (screening programs), sequential surgical treatment (the Kasai procedure and optional liver transplantation), and thorough follow-up in paediatric liver units improve survival rates among BA patients with native livers. However, BA still remains the most frequent indication of paediatric liver transplantation in patients with an unfavourable outcome after the Kasai procedure because the survival with native liver drops below 30% over the long term. Therefore, the following aspects should be considered alongside individual health issues: first, early organ replacement is a multifactorial burden for the growing organism, and second, every patient who survives with their native liver relieves the limited availability of donor organs and benefits national health expenditures with economic savings. From that point of view, international and interdisciplinary strategies are mandatory, in as much as BA is a rare disease. Over the past several years, national and international initiatives have been established in order to improve screening, centralization, diagnosis, as well as surgical and adjuvant treatment protocols. One such initiative is the recently launched European rare diseases network “rare-liver”.

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an established inherited amino acid disorder with a very traditional dietary therapy, but there is still more to learn and verify about its nutritional composition, application and overall effectiveness. Although in the 1950s, the first patient successfully treated with diet therapy patently established the role of a low phenylalanine protein substitute, in present times, it is still necessary to characterise the most effective source of artificial protein; defining its optimal amino acid profile; and identifying nutrient modulation that will improve the functionality of protein substitutes. It is also important to understand the impact of a life-long synthetic diet on gut microbiota, metabolomics and inflammatory status. In early-treated patients with PKU, it is unclear if co-morbidities such as overweight, obesity, hypertension and diabetes are higher than in the general population and if these are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. It is also uncertain if overweight and obesity in PKU is related to early dietary practices, the nutritional composition of protein substitutes and special low-protein foods, impact of the dietary treatment on satiety, disordered eating patterns, non-adherence with the low phenylalanine diet and poor metabolic control, or if this is even a consequence of the disorder. In a generation of ageing patients, the impact of intermittent and suboptimal dietary adherence on nutritional status deserves systematic study.

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Diet, physical activity, and body weight status (including body composition) are increasingly recognized as key factors that influence cancer across its continuum. Observational studies as well as basic research in cell culture and animal models provide evidence that several mononutrients and phytochemicals play a protective role either in hindering normal cells from transforming to precancerous lesions or in slowing the dysregulated cell growth that occurs in the later stages of disease. Similar evidence exists for physical activity and body habitus. As findings from these studies emerge, interventions are designed to ultimately test the impact of various dietary and exercise regimens directly on populations at risk – whether that be in individuals who are cancer-free but who may have increased risk due to family history, or in cancer survivors who are at risk for cancer progression or the occurrence of a new second malignancy. This book includes manuscripts that focus on diet, physical activity, and/or weight status in relation to cancer prevention and control, as well as symptom management. The order of articles follows the cancer continuum. The book begins with the role of diet and exercise in the primary prevention of cancer in both normal and high-risk individuals, and then focuses on preventing neoplastic progression in those who are newly diagnosed with the disease. Later chapters center on dietary and physical activity as key factors in cancer survivorship, and finally concluding with works attributing dietary and physical activity factors on cancer survival.

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This book provides a review of the management of chronic diseases (evaluation and treatment) through eHealth. Studies that examine how eHealth can help to prevent, evaluate, or treat chronic diseases and their outcomes are included.

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The evaluation of vascular stiffness is becoming increasingly important in cardiovascular research to determine the properties of the arterial tree and clinically assesspatients. Current research addresses and debates some unresolved technical and methodological issues with measuring arterial stiffness, with the purpose of making it more reliable and clinically suitable. This Special Issue focuses on new methodological advances in vascular stiffness, as well as preclinical and clinical applications. A privileged space is reserved for new data and targeted reviews of the application of arterial stiffness and early vascular ageing measures regarding problems such as the stratification of risk of special populations and specific diseases.

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In the last few years, an increasing number of individuals have adopted a gluten free diet (GFD). A significant proportion of that includes patients affected by celiac disease (CD), who have to follow a strict GFD for medical purposes. However, a high number of individuals are currently following a GFD without medical counseling and without a specific diagnosis needing a gluten withdrawal from the diet. This is due to the frequently incorrect information diffused on the Internet and mass media on the topic of GFD. For these reasons, research on the GFD and its clinical use and biological effects is urgently needed.

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Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness that can be prevented if detected and treated in the early stages of the disease. This reprint includes original research studies and reviews that focus on strategies to help identify and treat patients with glaucoma more effectively, improve their treatment adherence, review the potential impact of psychopharmacological therapy on intraocular pressure, and increase knowledge of potential treatment targets for neuroprotection.

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The health and wellbeing of people and the planet is currently receiving a much attention, if only because of the ongoing global crisis instigated by COVID-19. The benefits of nature for human wellbeing have been scientifically studied in multiple disciplines for over three decades. Researchers from disciplines such as ecology, sport science, psychology, tourism, medicine, forestry, environmental studies and architecture have found evidence that being in nature, interacting with nature, and feeling connected to nature are important for good health and wellbeing. In particular, physical activity in nature has been linked to wellbeing. This manuscript explores a particular type of physical activity in nature: adventure and outdoor activity. Adventure in nature is important for wellbeing, and carefully designed interventions and programs can have a profound impact. The work in this book suggests that adventure should be considered an important part of the public health offering.

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Mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and other stress-related disorders are highly prevalent and even increasing in incidence globally, while access to evidence-based therapy remains limited. Worryingly, health care budgets are further restrained, thus limiting the availability of mental health care even more. Innovative technologies aiming to increase scalability, accessibility, and cost-efficiency of evidence-based mental health treatment, or target hard-to-reach populations, show promising solutions toward preventing or treating such disorders. However, despite considerable progress in this area, more research into innovative technologies and its implementation in mental health care is needed to treat people with—or prevent—mental health disorders. The present Special Issue aims to provide an overview of the latest innovative technological advances in the screening and treatment of mental health as well as their implications for mental health care. Both original research and review papers will inform researchers and clinicians with recent knowledge on innovative technology in the area of psychological treatments of common mental disorders and e-mental health.

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Over the last few decades, the Mediterranean Diet (MD), characterized by a high intake of vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, dairy products and non-refined cereals, a moderate intake of fish and poultry, and a low intake of red meat and sweets, has been recognized as a model for healthy eating. Indeed, adhering to the MD reduces the risk of metabolic and non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity cardiovascular disease and cancer. As an integral part of the traditional Mediterranean lifestyle, regular physical activity (PA) is also associated with a reduced risk of chronic degenerative diseases, even if results often vary according to different types, duration and intensity or volume of PA. The World Health Organization recommends performing moderate-intensity PA for ≥150 min/week, and vigorous-intensity PA for ≥2 days/week to have these health benefits. It is viable to hypothesize that promoting adherence to the MD along with PA guidelines might provide a more comprehensive endorsement to obtain greater health benefits, over and above those acquired separately by the MD and PA. Thus, the ongoing promotion and monitoring of the MD pattern, including eating habits and PA, is crucially important at all life stages. Potential topics may include, but are not limited to, examining the impact of adherence to the MD and PA on health in different life stages as well as on metabolic risk factors and subsequent disease outcomes.

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The overall goal of this book is to give the reader a state-of-the-art synopsis of the pharmacist services domain. To accomplish this goal, the authors have addressed the social, psychosocial, political, legal, historic, clinical, and economic factors that are associated with pharmacist services. In this book, you will gain cutting-edge insights from learning about the research of experts throughout the world. The findings have relevance for enhancing pharmacist professionalism, pharmacist practice, and the progression of pharmacist services in the future.

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

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It is well established that socioeconomic factors influence cancer treatment outcomes, even when optimal therapies are employed. These contributors are often modifiable and community/culture-dependent, warranting focused research. This Reprint aims to address the specific socioeconomic factors that influence the care of individuals with a broad spectrum of cancers, with a focus on both global and region-specific factors. It also seeks to further understand the application of unique analysis technologies such as AI to identify and manage the influence that these socioeconomic factors have on the provision and outcomes of cancer care.

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