The contributions to this volume deal with the concept of (in)visibility from the perspectives of linguistics, literary studies and cultural studies in the field of Romania and shed light on historical, social, linguistic and literary aspects. (In)visibility is to be understood as a gradual and potentially dynamic phenomenon that can be subject to developments and external influences and thus opens up a broad spectrum for different approaches and analyses. The volume thus contributes to structuring the field of research, establishing references to current discussions and at the same time demonstrating the diversity of the concept of (in)visibility. Thematically, the scope ranges from considerations of the visual dimension of space, (in)visibility of processes and developments, literary-medial procedures of (in)visualisation and censorship to the (in)visibility of social groups and linguistic actors as well as of individual identities and collective discourses.

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The year 2019 marked the 300th anniversary of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. His novel was a huge success right away and was soon followed by bootlegs and translations. With the robinsonade, an independent genre of adventure literature was born. These contributions examine the novel within the context of bookselling history, provide new interpretations, and shed light on its multifaceted adaptation history up into the twenty-first century.

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The year 2019 marked the 300th anniversary of Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. His novel was a huge success right away and was soon followed by bootlegs and translations. With the robinsonade, an independent genre of adventure literature was born. These contributions examine the novel within the context of bookselling history, provide new interpretations, and shed light on its multifaceted adaptation history up into the twenty-first century.

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This book examines the role of Persian literature in politics in the tumultuous period of Iranian history from 1950 to 2000, illustrating how intellectuals used poetry, plays, novels and short stories to comment on socio-political developments. The unique aspect of the book is its strong empirical perspective as it analyses how Persian intellectuals dealt with sensor, suppression, imprisonment, exile and even execution for the sake of expression of free speech. Karimi-Hakkak’s methodology is also unique as he applies theoretical perspectives of various disciplines to produce a multi-faceted work, which provide the reader with a concise socio-political history based on the interaction between literature and politics. ‘A Fire of Lilies’ will therefore make a significant contribution to the research on modern Persian literature as well as literary historiography.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Select 2019: HSS Frontlist Books

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This book examines the role of Persian literature in politics in the tumultuous period of Iranian history from 1950 to 2000, illustrating how intellectuals used poetry, plays, novels and short stories to comment on socio-political developments. The unique aspect of the book is its strong empirical perspective as it analyses how Persian intellectuals dealt with sensor, suppression, imprisonment, exile and even execution for the sake of expression of free speech. Karimi-Hakkak’s methodology is also unique as he applies theoretical perspectives of various disciplines to produce a multi-faceted work, which provide the reader with a concise socio-political history based on the interaction between literature and politics. ‘A Fire of Lilies’ will therefore make a significant contribution to the research on modern Persian literature as well as literary historiography.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Select 2019: HSS Frontlist Books

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In the centre of this study stand some 154 letters exchanged between the Austrian writer Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897-1976) and Maria Charlotte ("Lotte") Sweceny (née Stein, 1904-1956), the co-proprietor of the Viennese publishing house Manz, between 1938 and 1945. The transcripts are followed by a commentary that aims to elucidate the historical, individual and geographical references. A methodological note explains the corpus' provenance and method of transcribing and commenting on the letters adopted in the thesis. The last chapter of this study is devoted to Lotte Sweceny, the letters' addressee, and her family background. The letters' existence is due to the fact that the couple was separated by the outbreak of WW II and continued their relationship through correspondence. In September 1939 Lernet took part in the "Wehrmacht's" raid on Poland and was lightly wounded. As a result he spent the rest of the war on a leave of absence in his house in St. Wolfgang and, after September 1941, in Berlin. There, he worked as head of development of the "Heeresfilmstelle" (an office in charge of producing NS propaganda films), writing scripts himself and evaluating those by others. In these years, two of his most important novels, Mars im Widder (Mars in Aries) and Beide Sizilien (The Two Sicilies), were written - both are today considered as running counter to NS propaganda. Lotte Sweceny and her friends found their way into the set of characters and into the plot of Mars in Aries. The collection of poems Die Trophae (The Trophy) also originated from these years. When published in 1946, Lernet dedicated this work - which he considered to be his best - to Lotte Sweceny. The letters contain important background and numerous insights about the genesis and subsequent publication of these works. They also provide biographical details that shed light on the conditions of Lernet-Holenia's life and work during these years. Inter alia, they illuminate the circumstances surrounding Lernet-Holenia's posting to and role in the "Heeresfilmstelle". The writer considered his duties there dull and counterproductive to his actual work and unsurprisingly tried to escape from them as soon as possible. The thesis also addresses certain controversial issues in Lernet-Holenia's biography, in particular his involvement with the Nazi regime and his views on antisemitism: The way Lernet-Holenia writes about the regime and its protagonists in the letters suggests a clear political and intellectual distance to the "Third Reich" and thus reinforces scholarly voices that have, in this regard, already spoken in favor of the author. His use of a certain cipher in his letters even indicates that Lernet-Holenia was in touch with victims (or at least opponents) of the Nazi regime on behalf of Lotte Sweceny, the latter being half-Jewish herself. His personal and private dissociation from the Nazis did not, however, keep Lernet-Holenia from participating in their apparatus as long as he considered it beneficial for his career and/or his personal safety. Lotte Sweceny, who was married to an "Aryan" industrialist, came from the assimilated Jewish bourgeoisie of Vienna. The stimulating atmosphere of her parental home was, in part, the product of the commitment of the two preceding generations to assimilate. The chapter also deals with Lotte's marriage with Otto C. Sweceny - a marriage that was intended as a liberal experiment - and with the circle of friends consisting of architects, writers and others portrayed by the Austrian publicist Milan Dubrovic.

Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit bildet die Edition des Briefwechsels zwischen dem österreichischen Schriftsteller Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897-1976) und Maria Charlotte ("Lotte") Sweceny (geb. Stein, 1904-1956), Gesellschafterin des Wiener Verlags Manz, während der Jahre 1938 bis 1945. Ein einleitender Aufsatz bietet einen Forschungsüberblick, gibt den Inhalt der Briefe wieder und analysiert ihre Bedeutung für Biografie und Werk Alexander Lernet-Holenias. Auf die Transkripte der 154 Briefe folgt der Kommentar, der die in diesen vorhandenen Bezüge historischer, personeller, geografischer und sonstiger Art erläutert. Ein editorischer Bericht gibt Aufschluss über die Provenienz des Korpus' sowie die Methode von Transkription und Kommentierung. Das abschließende Kapitel widmet sich Lotte Sweceny, der Adressatin der Briefe, und ihrem familiären Hintergrund. Die Existenz der Briefe verdankt sich der Tatsache, dass das Paar durch den Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs getrennt wurde und seine Beziehung mit Hilfe von Briefen fortführte. Im September 1939 nahm der Wehrmachts-Offizier Alexander Lernet-Holenia am Überfall auf Polen teil, wurde verwundet und verbrachte den Rest des Krieges beurlaubt in seinem Haus in St. Wolfgang bzw. ab September 1941 überwiegend in Berlin, wo er als Leiter des Entwicklungsstabs der Heeresfilmstelle Drehbücher beurteilte und auch selbst verfasste. Ebenfalls aus diesen Jahren datieren zwei seiner bedeutendsten Romane, Mars im Widder und Beide Sizilien, die beide der Propaganda, die er im Brotberuf generieren half, zuwiderlaufen. Lotte Sweceny und ihr Freundeskreis fanden in Figurengestaltung und Handlung des Mars im Widder Eingang. Auch die Gedichtsammlung Die Trophae entstand in diesen Jahren - bei ihrem Erscheinen 1946 widmete Lernet dieses ihm liebste seiner Bücher seiner Gefährtin und Briefpartnerin dieser Zeit. Die Briefe enthalten zahlreiche Hinweise zur Entstehungs- und Publikationsgeschichte dieser Werke; sie liefern aber vor allem auch biografische Details, welche die Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen Lernets in diesen Jahren zu erhellen imstande sind. Unter anderem bringen die Briefe an Lotte Sweceny auch etwas mehr Licht in das diffuse Halbdunkel der Hintergründe von Lernet-Holenias Abkommandierung in die Heeresfilmstelle nach Berlin. Auch neuralgische Punkte in der Biografie Alexander Lernet-Holenias, die seines Verhältnisses zum nationalsozialistischen Regime und zum Antisemitismus, bleiben von den Briefen nicht unberührt: Die Art und Weise, wie Lernet sich in ihnen zum Regime und seinen Protagonisten äußert, verstärken jene Stimmen, die dem Autor deutliche Distanz zum Nationalsozialismus bescheinigen. Die Verwendung einer Chiffre legt sogar den Schluss nahe, dass Lernet im Auftrag oder auf Vermittlung der "Halbjüdin" Lotte Sweceny mit Opfern bzw. Gegnern des Regimes in Kontakt stand. Diese Distanz zum System vermochte Lernet freilich nicht davon abzuhalten, es zu bedienen, wo es ihm im Interesse seines beruflichen Fortkommens und seiner persönlichen Sicherheit geboten schien. Lotte Sweceny, die Frau eines "arischen" Industriellen, stammte aus dem assimilierten jüdischen Wiener Großbürgertum. Die befruchtende Atmosphäre ihres Elternhauses war auch das Resultat einer seit zwei Generationen andauernden - und in Lotte Steins Generation abgeschlossenen - Assimilationsleistung der beiden Vorgängergenerationen. Dieser Aspekt bildet ebenso Bestandteil der biografischen Skizze wie die Darstellung der liberalen Ehe mit Otto C. Sweceny sowie des "oppositionell gesinnten Freundeskreis[es]" aus Architekten, Schriftstellern und anderen, den der österreichische Publizist und enge Freund Lotte Swecenys, Milan Dubrovic, porträtiert hat.

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Archival Silences demonstrates emphatically that archival absences exist all over the globe. The book questions whether benign ‘silence’ is an appropriate label for the variety of destructions, concealment and absences that can be identified within archival collections. Including contributions from archivists and scholars working around the world, this truly international collection examines archives in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, England, India, Iceland, Jamaica, Malawi, The Philippines, Scotland, Turkey and the United States. Making a clear link between autocratic regimes and the failure to record often horrendous crimes against humanity, the volume demonstrates that the failure of governments to create records, or to allow access to records, appears to be universal. Arguing that this helps to establish a hegemonic narrative that excludes the ‘other’, this book showcases the actions historians and archivists have taken to ensure that gaps in archives are filled. Yet the book also claims that silences in archives are inevitable and argues not only that recordkeeping should be mandated by international courts and bodies, but that we need to develop other ways of reading archives broadly conceived to compensate for absences.Archival Silences addresses fundamental issues of access to the written record around the world. It is directed at those with a concern for social justice, particularly scholars and students of archival studies, history, sociology, international relations, international law, business administration and information science.

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Censura: o que nos falta perguntar? estabelece um diálogo para o desenvolvimento dos estudos sobre censura. Abordando temas em que a distinção entre a censura e outras formas de regulação é problematizada, questiona-se a função do discurso sobre a pornografia na construção do Estado-nação italiano, a chamada “cultura de cancelamento”, ou a função da moderação em ambiente digital em contextos democráticos marcados por discursos de ódio. Discutem‑se ainda estudos que analisam processos censórios que extravasam a noção estrita de censura associada ao poder dos estados nacionais, analisando o papel da diplomacia na censura transnacional do cinema ou as contradições de uma “censura oficiosa” do jazz durante o regime franquista. O livro inclui entrevistas a Nicole Moore e Robert Darnton, cujos trabalhos recentes contribuem para criticar uma abordagem à censura enquanto força puramente negativa. Este livro é resultado do projeto exploratório “CEMA – Censura(s): um modelo analítico de processos censórios no campo dos estudos sobre censura em Portugal”, desenvolvido no Instituto de História Contemporânea e financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, sob coordenação de Rita Luís e com participação de Adalberto Fernandes, coordenadores da presente obra.

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Some social issues and practices have become dangerous areas for academics to research and write about. ‘Academic freedom’ is increasingly constrained, not just by long established ‘normal’ factors (territoriality, power differentials, competition, protectionism), but also by the increased significance of social media and the rise of identity politics (and activists who treat work which challenges their world view as abusive hate-speech). So extreme are these pressures that some institutions and even statutory bodies now adopt policies and practices which contravene relevant regulations and laws. This book seeks to draw attention to the limiting and damaging effects of academic ‘gagging’. The book, drawn from a special edition of Societies, offers an eclectic series of international articles which may annoy some people. The book challenges taken for granted mainstream assumptions and practices in a number of areas, including gender mainstreaming, social work education, child sexual abuse, the ethnic disaggregation of population groups, fatherhood and masculinity, the erosion of democratic legitimacy, the trap of victimhood and vulnerability, employment practices in universities, and the challenges presented by the widespread and deliberate suppression of scholarship and research. In an analytic postscript Laurent Dubreuil discusses the nature of identity politics and the manner in which its effects can be identified across the many topics covered in these challenging articles.

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Exploring the history of Cold War censorship legislation and its impact on the French publishing industry for children, this open access book focuses on the publisher Hachette to detail how it dominated the country’s new context of surveillance and control. Using extensive new multilingual archive material including legal and business records and US State Department files, Sophie Heywood traces both the history of the French Communist Party’s (PCF) and anti-comics activists’ efforts to prevent American ‘propaganda’ reaching the hands of children, and Hachette’s strategic and editorial responses. Children’s Publishing in Cold War France covers such events as the campaign waged against the global multi-media phenomenon Tarzan; the impact of Cold War tensions on Hachette’s publishing of Disney books and comics in French; and studies the translation of series fiction fromNancy Drew toThe Famous Five, where self-censorship could be a radical and creative process. Children’s Publishing in Cold War France presents a timely historical study of how states and political campaigners seek to control children’s access to culture, and the legacies of such conflicts. The eBook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the University of Reading.

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The role of Christian institutions, writers and saints in the active suppression and destruction of books in Late Antiquity has received surprisingly little consideration. The author argues that texts and ideas from materialistic philosophical traditions were vulnerable to destruction, censorship or suppression through prohibition of the copying of manuscripts. This includes texts which were to become the basis for modern philosophy and science.

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During the 1930s and 1940s, Jews in the Middle East took part in extensive debates on fascism in the public sphere. How did the rise of fascism impact the ways in which Jews in the region envisioned the past, present and future? Confronting Fascism in the Arabic Jewish Press examines Jewish discussions on the positions and identities of Jews in the Middle East within the context of multifocal debates on fascism. Focussing on the Arabic Jewish press in Egypt, Lebanon and Syria, it studies the ideas of its editors and main contributors and their intellectual networks. Putting those debates within the context of social, political and national reorientations following the end of the Ottoman Empire, the book uses an ideas-based and conceptual approach to also connect this history to global debates on fascism centred on the concepts of race, civilization and religion. In doing so, it situates Jewish discussions on fascism in the Middle East not only at the heart of Arab intellectual history, but also as part of a globalizing public sphere during the interwar, war and immediate post-war periods (1933-1948). The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com.

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Most social media users want their chosen platforms free from harassment and porn. But they also want to see the content they choose to see. This means platforms face an irreconcilable contradiction: while platforms promise an open space for participation and community, every one of them imposes rules of some kind.

In the early days of social media, content moderation was hidden away, even disavowed. But the illusion of the open platform has, in recent years, begun to crumble. Today, content moderation has never been more important, or more controversial. In Custodians of the Internet, Tarleton Gillespie investigates how social media platforms police what we post online – and the societal impact of these decisions.

“I've been writing about the impact of platforms and the digital transformation for fifteen years,” said Gillespie. “This book explains how content moderation works: how the platforms think of their responsibilities, the way they create and articulate the rules, the labor behind the scenes, and recent efforts to automate it all.” Based on interviews with content moderators, creators, and consumers, this book contributes to the current debates about the public responsibilities of platforms, be it about harassment, data privacy, or political propaganda.

Gillespie argues that content moderation still receives too little public scrutiny. How and why platforms moderate can shape societal norms and alter the contours of public discourse, cultural production, and the fabric of society.

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The impact of censorship on the political and intellectual climate in Austria between 1751 and 1848 can hardly be over-estimated. The book covers the institutions involved in censorship, its procedures and results represented by the lists of banned books, and the censors, authors, publishers, and book-sellers affected by bans. Ten case studies deal with selected literary genres and epochs, the appendix contains documents regarding censorship legislation and administration.

Der Einfluss der Zensur auf das geistige und politische Leben der Habsburgermonarchie im behandelten Zeitraum ist kaum zu überschätzen. Die Studie widmet sich den institutionellen Grundlagen, der Arbeitsweise und den Ergebnissen der Zensurtätigkeit in Form von Auswertungen der Verbotslisten sowie den Zensoren, den betroffenen Autoren, Verlegern und Buchhändlern. Zehn Fallstudien beleuchten ausgewählte Gattungen und Zeitabschnitte, ein umfangreicher Anhang dokumentiert die wichtigsten Verordnungen und eine Auswahl von Zensurgutachten.

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The collaboration between the military and the media that we know today was developed in the first half of the 20th century. This study shows that military leaders were primarily interested in the media because they hoped to achieve objectives that would otherwise be beyond their capacities: they wanted to influence populations, parliaments, and governments – in times of war and peace.

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Så länge det har funnits litteratur har det även funnits försök att kontrollera och styra den. Konst och litteratur är ofta gränsöverskridande, och en betydande del av de texter som vi numera räknar till de litterära klassikerna har från början uppfattats som provocerande, blasfemiska eller anstötliga. Provokationen är ett kännetecken för den moderna litteraturen och har alltsedan 1800-talets mitt kommit att normaliseras. Därför är det lätt att glömma bort att bokcensur och andra mekanismer för att motverka spridningen av oönskade litterära uttryck är företeelser som inte enbart hör hemma i religiöst eller politiskt totalitära stater.

I Forbidden Literature undersöker författarna den komplexa relation mellan litteratur och samhälle som styrningen av litterära och andra texter åskådliggör. Censur och olika former av restriktioner synliggör till exempel de maktrelationer som föreligger mellan stat, marknad, lag, institutioner, medborgare, författare och läsare. Den förbjudna litteraturen visar, paradoxalt nog, också på en tilltro till litteraturens verkanskraft. Ett förbud mot en text säger alltid något om dess förväntade inverkan på läsaren.

Det primära syftet med denna antologi är att ge både historiska och samtida exempel på litteraturens ofta komplexa samspel med yttrandefriheten. Genom elva fallstudier, som behandlar material från olika platser och olika tider, ger antologin perspektiv på dagens debatter om litteratur och yttrandefrihet. Fallstudierna rör sig mellan flera olika språk- och kulturområden, och avhandlar allt från 1600-talets manualer i svartkonst till modern litteratur och avantgardistisk seriekonst.

***

Freedom of the printed word is a defining feature of the modern world. Yet censorship and the suppression of literature never cease, and remain topical issues even in the most liberal of democracies. Today just as in the past, advances in media technology are followed by new regulatory mechanisms. Similarly, any attempt to control cultural expression inevitably spurs fresh discussions about freedom of speech.

In Forbidden Literature scholars from a variety of disciplines address censorship’s past and present, whether in liberal democracies or totalitarian regimes. Through in-depth case studies they trace a historical continuum in which literature reveals its two-sided nature: it demands both regulation and protection. The contributors investigate the logic of literary repression, particularly in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and analyse why it is thought essential to control literature. Moreover, the authors determine how literary practices are shaped and transformed by regulation and censorship.

 

Academic co-ordinator is Ole Marius Hylland, Senior Researcher, Telemark Research Institute Norway

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A university without its own publishing house is like a cathedral without an organ: wild-growing and silent. Masaryk University has got its publishing house, which even ranks among the largest in Central Europe by the number of publications, tirelessly spreading university knowledge and ethos not only through books, but on all present-day conceivable media. This jubilee publication brings a colourful panorama of the Munipress publishing house activities together with a historical overview. It is dedicated to the centenary of the Masaryk University and to all the silenced authors in its history.

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This book explores the relationship between the safety of journalists and self-censorship practices around the world, including local case studies and regional and international perspectives. Bringing together scholars and practitioners from around the globe, Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship provides new and updated insights into patterns of self-censorship and free speech, focusing on a variety of factors that affect these issues, including surveillance, legislation, threats, violent conflict, gender-related stereotypes, digitisation and social media. The contributions examine topics such as trauma, risk and self-censorship among journalists in different regions of the world, including Central America, Estonia, Turkey, Uganda and Pakistan. The book also provides conceptual clarity to the notion of journalist self-censorship, and explores the question of how self-censorship may be studied empirically. Combining both theoretical and practical knowledge, this collection serves as a much-needed resource for any academic, student of journalism, practicing journalist, or NGO working on issues of journalism, safety, free speech and censorship.

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Italian literature emerged around 1600 at the intersection of poetological and religious attempts at standardization and under the attentive watch of a literary community and its critical discussions as well as the censorship and inquisition of the Counter-Reformation. This volume sheds light on creativity under the conditions of this twofold "observance" by looking at texts from various genres written between ca. 1550 and 1650.

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Leagues of Laughter traces how a Soviet-created youth game changed as students’ nation states collapsed, competed and went to war. The game, called KVN (Klub veselykh i nakhodchivykh, or Club of the Cheerful and Clever), spread to universities across the USSR in the 1960s. It is scored by a panel of judges, like figure skating, but is played in school and university leagues, much like football. KVN rocketed to mass popularity, oddly, due to Soviet censorship. Young people could not protest in essays, speeches or fiction, but the referents of live jokes are hard to prove. KVN became a forum for Aesopian free speech. Soviet pedagogues promoted the game as a wholesome, intellectual youth activity, leading to a preponderance of ordinary schoolchildren gaining at least some experience writing jokes. Even after the fall of the USSR, millions of young people across the former Soviet bloc continued playing KVN in schools, universities and semi-pro leagues. Drawing on fieldwork in Russia and Ukraine between 2015 and 2019, Garey compares KVN traditions in two post-Soviet nation states at war. A series of interconnected, cross-border stories spanning 60 years illustrates how laughter and oppression entwined in the long cultural context of the war in Ukraine.

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Sheds new light on European and regional book markets, the development of a public sphere and the impact of new media on intellectual, social, religious and political change. How do you become a citizen? Ever since printing was introduced, being a member of society increasingly involved reading and writing: for sociability and belonging, instruction and entertainment, profit and charity, spiritual awakening and political debate. Literary practices shaped and changed identities and the organisation of society during the Long Eighteenth Century. In Scandinavia, this happened locally, as well as transnationally - reading, writing and producing texts involved entanglements within and beyond the borders of the Northern European periphery of Norway, Denmark and Sweden. Focusing on 'literary citizenship', this volume uncovers the different ways in which engagements with print have mediated and established networks and communities, identities and agencies of multiple sorts in an interconnected media landscape. The result is a complex and intriguing history of the book in the Scandinavian region. This history is, on the one hand, influenced by a European market and tradition. On the other hand, it offers an important and different case of regional and local adaptation, marked by what has been termed a 'Northern Enlightenment'. This book will be of interest to scholars of European enlightenment studies and to those who are interested in the continuing debates surrounding print culture and history. This book is available in digital format as Open Access under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC. This book and the research upon which it is based was supported by funds from The Research Council of Norway and the National Library of Norway. CONTRIBUTORS: Jens Bjerring-Hansen, Jon Haarberg, Ruth Hemstad, Thor Inge Rørvik, Ellen Krefting, Karin Kukkonen, Ulrik Langen, Aina Nøding, Jonas Nordin, James Raven, Janicke S. Kaasa, Karen Skovgaard-Petersen, Frederik Stjernfelt, Iver Tangen Stensrud and Jonas Thorup Thomsen.

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This work presents a new vision of his dramaturgy inserted in the theatrical company of the seventeenth century.

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Lev Loseff (1937), der Leningrad 1976 verlassen musste und seit 1979 in Hannover, New Hampshire am Dartmouth College in den USA als Professor of Russian Language and Literature lehrt, hat u.a. Werke von E. Švarc, N. Olejnikov und M. Bulgakov herausgegeben. In seiner ersten großen Monographie "On the Beneficence of Censorship: Aesopian Language in Modern Russian Literature" analysiert Loseff an Werken von Švarc, Solženicyn, Evtušenko u.a. die aus der Auseinandersetzung mit der Zensur gebotenen stilistischen - auch bereichernden - Besonderheiten der modernen, in der Sowjetunion entstandenen russischen Literatur und veranschaulicht diese im Kontext von Werk, Autor und Epoche.

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What can and can’t be copied is a matter of law, but also of aesthetics, culture, and economics. The act of copying, and the creation and transaction of rights relating to it, evokes fundamental notions of communication and censorship, of authorship and ownership—of privilege and property. This volume conceives a new history of copyright law that has its roots in a wide range of norms and practices. The essays reach back to the very material world of craftsmanship and mechanical inventions of Renaissance Italy where, in 1469, the German master printer Johannes of Speyer obtained a five-year exclusive privilege to print in Venice and its dominions. Along the intellectual journey that follows, we encounter John Milton who, in 1644 accused the English parliament of having been deceived by the ‘fraud of some old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of bookselling’ (i.e. the London Stationers’ Company). Later revisionary essays investigate the regulation of the printing press in the North American colonies as a provincial and somewhat crude version of European precedents, and how, in the revolutionary France of 1789, the subtle balance that the royal decrees had established between the interests of the author, the bookseller, and the public, was shattered by the abolition of the privilege system. Some of the essays also address the specific evolution of rights associated with the visual and performing arts. The volume is a companion to the digital archive Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Privilege and Property is recommended in the Times Higher Education Textbook Guide (November, 2010).

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What can and can’t be copied is a matter of law, but also of aesthetics, culture, and economics. The act of copying, and the creation and transaction of rights relating to it, evokes fundamental notions of communication and censorship, of authorship and ownership—of privilege and property. This volume conceives a new history of copyright law that has its roots in a wide range of norms and practices. The essays reach back to the very material world of craftsmanship and mechanical inventions of Renaissance Italy where, in 1469, the German master printer Johannes of Speyer obtained a five-year exclusive privilege to print in Venice and its dominions. Along the intellectual journey that follows, we encounter John Milton who, in 1644 accused the English parliament of having been deceived by the ‘fraud of some old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of bookselling’ (i.e. the London Stationers’ Company). Later revisionary essays investigate the regulation of the printing press in the North American colonies as a provincial and somewhat crude version of European precedents, and how, in the revolutionary France of 1789, the subtle balance that the royal decrees had established between the interests of the author, the bookseller, and the public, was shattered by the abolition of the privilege system. Some of the essays also address the specific evolution of rights associated with the visual and performing arts. The volume is a companion to the digital archive Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Privilege and Property is recommended in the Times Higher Education Textbook Guide (November, 2010).

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Reading Wars explores heated, even murderous, political struggles over who gets to read and what they get to read. Those conflicts, once again in the news, stretch back centuries. In this book, Don Herzog examines the history and politics of anxieties about readers and reading, spanning both the United States and Britain, from the 1500s right up to contemporary battles over banning library books and freedom of speech. In these pages, Herzog deftly interweaves episodes from Reformation England, when first Catholics and then Protestants cracked down on unsupervised Bible-reading, with the deadly campaigns in pre-Civil War America to keep black people – both free and enslaved – illiterate. Drawing on a wealth of primary sources, he reconstructs arguments insisting that ordinary men and women could not be trusted to read what they liked – indeed, that some of them ought not read at all. And he charts struggles to promote literacy. Herzog argues that at stake in these battles is whether some people – those banned from reading – are perceived as not fully human, or lesser persons than others. The radical campaign to let more or less everyone read more or less everything is ultimately, therefore, a campaign for equality.

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When it comes to the political, acts of redaction, erasure, and blacking out sit in awkward tension with the myth of transparent governance, borderless access, and frictionless communication. But should there be more than this brute juxtaposition of truth and secrecy? Redacted: Writing in the Negative Space of the State brings together essays, poems, artwork, and memes – a bricolage of media that conveys the experience of living in state-inflected worlds in flux. Critically and poetically engaging with redaction in politically charged contexts (from the United States and Denmark to Russia, China, and North Korea), the volume closely examines and turns loose this disquieting mark of state power, aiming to trouble the liberal imaginaries that configure the political as a left–right spectrum, as populism and nationalism versus global and transnational cosmopolitanism, as east versus west, authoritarianism versus democracy, good versus evil, or the state versus the people – age-old coordinates that no longer make sense. Because we know from the upheavals of the past decade that these relations are being reconfigured in novel, recursive, and unrecognizable ways, the consequences of which are perplexing and ever evolving. This book takes up redaction as a vital form in this new political reality. Contributors both critically engage with statist redaction practices and also explore its alluring and ambivalent forms, as experimental practices that open up new dialogic possibilities in navigating and conveying the stakes of political encounters.

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Most Canadians know little, if anything at all, about the role of the Canadian Air Force in the 1999 Kosovo Air War. Yet lives were at put at stake as mission dedication and military skill were pushed to the limit. Some of Canada’s most prominent journalists attempted to report on the war, but came away virtually empty handed. Daily briefings given at the National Defence Headquarters provided so little information most Ottawa journalists simply stopped going. The decision of the military to choke Canada’s news media was deliberate and based on a tactical and strategic rationale. Scattering Chaff explores the role of the Canadian Air Force in the bombing campaigns of the Kosovo Air War while examining the military’s interference with the news media attempting to report to the Canadian public. It explores the ways in which the military has come to manage the media as an element of operational security, mission focus, and of popular opinion. Drawing on in-depth interviews with the war’s Canadian participants and a treasure-trove of unpublished documents and photographs, this book is an unprecedented investigation of a little-known conflict and the forces that prevented it from being better known.

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Most Canadians know little, if anything at all, about the role of the Canadian Air Force in the 1999 Kosovo Air War. Yet lives were at put at stake as mission dedication and military skill were pushed to the limit.Some of Canada’s most prominent journalists attempted to report on the war, but came away virtually empty handed. Daily briefings given at the National Defence Headquarters provided so little information most Ottawa journalists simply stopped going. The decision of the military to choke Canada’s news media was deliberate and based on a tactical and strategic rationale. Scattering Chaff explores the role of the Canadian Air Force in the bombing campaigns of the Kosovo Air War while examining the military’s interference with the news media attempting to report to the Canadian public. It explores the ways in which the military has come to manage the media as an element of operational security, mission focus, and of popular opinion. Drawing on in-depth interviews with the war’s Canadian participants and a treasure-trove of unpublished documents and photographs, this book is an unprecedented investigation of a little-known conflict and the forces that prevented it from being better known.

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East German science fiction enabled its authors to create a subversive space in another time and place. One of the country’s most popular genres, it outlined futures that often went beyond the party’s official version. Many utopian stories provided a corrective vision, intended to preserve and improve upon East German communism. This study is an introduction to East German science fiction. The book begins with a chapter on German science fiction before 1949. It then spans the entire existence of the country (1949-1990) and outlines key topics essential to understanding the genre: popular literature, socialist realism, censorship, fandom, and international science fiction. An in-depth discussion addresses notions of high and low literature, elements of the fantastic and utopia as critical narrative strategies, ideology and realism in East German literature, gender, and the relation between literature and science. Through a close textual analysis of three science fiction novels, the author expands East German literary history to include science fiction as a valuable source for developing a multi-faceted understanding of the country’s short history. Finally, an epilogue notes new titles and developments since the fall of the Berlin Wall.

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This handbook, divided into four volumes, presents the first English translations of newspaper articles about the Sikhs published in the weekly press reports for Punjab between 1864 and 1924. Covering press material from over 300 newspapers, the book provides insights into the broader landscape of print media in Indian languages and how discussions on the Sikhs in the press evolved in response to changing imperial policies and politics. In a growing field of research on print cultures and publics in colonial India, the book offers unique source material for a nuanced and localized understanding of the history of the Sikhs in Punjab. Invaluable to both scholars and students of history, Punjabi society, religion and politics. This is volume 3 of a 4-volume set.

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This handbook, divided into four volumes, presents the first English translations of newspaper articles about the Sikhs published in the weekly press reports for Punjab between 1864 and 1924. Covering press material from over 300 newspapers, the book provides insights into the broader landscape of print media in Indian languages and how discussions on the Sikhs in the press evolved in response to changing imperial policies and politics. In a growing field of research on print cultures and publics in colonial India, the book offers unique source material for a nuanced and localized understanding of the history of the Sikhs in Punjab. Invaluable to both scholars and students of history, Punjabi society, religion and politics. This is volume 1 of a 4-volume set.

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This handbook, divided into four volumes, presents the first English translations of newspaper articles about the Sikhs published in the weekly press reports for Punjab between 1864 and 1924. Covering press material from over 300 newspapers, the book provides insights into the broader landscape of print media in Indian languages and how discussions on the Sikhs in the press evolved in response to changing imperial policies and politics. In a growing field of research on print cultures and publics in colonial India, the book offers unique source material for a nuanced and localized understanding of the history of the Sikhs in Punjab. Invaluable to both scholars and students of history, Punjabi society, religion and politics. This is volume 2 of a 4-volume set.

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This handbook, divided into four volumes, presents the first English translations of newspaper articles about the Sikhs published in the weekly press reports for Punjab between 1864 and 1924. Covering press material from over 300 newspapers, the book provides insights into the broader landscape of print media in Indian languages and how discussions on the Sikhs in the press evolved in response to changing imperial policies and politics. In a growing field of research on print cultures and publics in colonial India, the book offers unique source material for a nuanced and localized understanding of the history of the Sikhs in Punjab. Invaluable to both scholars and students of history, Punjabi society, religion and politics. This is volume 4 of a 4-volume set.

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Theater censorship was legally abolished during the turbulent transition from the German Empire to the Weimar Republic in 1919, after which theater productions were accompanied by unusually frequent scandals. This study looks at examples of theater scandals in Munich, asking to what extent "unofficial censorship" continued in the form of disruptions to and the banning of productions, and what role the public sphere played in this.

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This book explores the pervasive and globalised trajectory of domestic disinformation. It describes specific operations and general apparatuses of disinformation that are sponsored by the State institutions in several countries around the world, such as governments, political parties, and politicians. With an international team of expert authors, this volume meticulously scrutinises instances of State-sponsored disinformation across a diverse spectrum of 14 countries encompassing Western and Eastern Europe, North and Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. It examines how political landscapes amplify or constrain disinformation, advancing a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics in the contemporary global milieu. The book is organised in three sections that gather case studies from democratic, non-democratic, and transitional regimes. Advancing the field of misinformation and disinformation studies by specialising in State-sponsored operations and their consequences, this book will be an essential volume for scholars and upper-level students of media and communication studies, journalism, political communication, disinformation and misinformation, social media, sociology, and international politics. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license

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This book explores the pervasive and globalised trajectory of domestic disinformation. It describes specific operations and general apparatuses of disinformation that are sponsored by the State institutions in several countries around the world, such as governments, political parties, and politicians. With an international team of expert authors, this volume meticulously scrutinises instances of State-sponsored disinformation across a diverse spectrum of 14 countries encompassing Western and Eastern Europe, North and Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. It examines how political landscapes amplify or constrain disinformation, advancing a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics in the contemporary global milieu. The book is organised in three sections that gather case studies from democratic, non-democratic, and transitional regimes. Advancing the field of misinformation and disinformation studies by specialising in State-sponsored operations and their consequences, this book will be an essential volume for scholars and upper-level students of media and communication studies, journalism, political communication, disinformation and misinformation, social media, sociology, and international politics. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license

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"This volume centers around two trends that currently influence freedom of expression. The first trend confirms the fact that many Western countries have become, over a long period of time, less strict about sacrilegious expression. In the process, many repealed their blasphemy laws or became less harsh in their punishment of blasphemy, hence “the fall of blasphemy law”. The second trend manifests an opposite movement, hence “the rise of blasphemy law”. Over the last decades, namely, Western societies have witnessed multiple attempts to suppress speech that defames religion. To be sure, one particularly vicious way of re-energizing these interdicts against blasphemy has come from radical believers intent upon removing blasphemy from the public domain by violent means. "

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This book explores translation of feminism in China through examining several Chinese translations of two typical feminist works: The Second Sex (TSS, Beauvoir 1949/1952) and The Vagina Monologues (TVM, Ensler 1998). TSS exposes the cultural construction of woman while TVM reveals the pervasiveness of sexual oppression toward women. The female body and female sexuality (including lesbian sexuality) constitute a challenge to the Chinese translators due to cultural differences and sexuality still being a sensitive topic in China. This book investigates from gender and feminist perspectives, how TSS and TVM have been translated and received in China, with special attention to how the translators meet the challenges. Since translation is the gateway to the reception of feminism, an examination of the translations should reveal the response to feminism of the translator as the first reader and gatekeeper, and how feminism is translated both ideologically and technically in China. The translators’ decisions are discussed within the social, historical, and political contexts. Translating Feminism in China discusses, among other issues: Feminist Translation: Practice, Theory, and Studies Translating the Female Body and Sexuality Translating Lesbianism Censorship, Sexuality, and Translation This book will be relevant to postgraduate students and researchers of translation studies. It will also interest academics interested in feminism, gender studies and Chinese literature and culture. Zhongli Yu is Assistant Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC).

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This book explores translation of feminism in China through examining several Chinese translations of two typical feminist works: The Second Sex (TSS, Beauvoir 1949/1952) and The Vagina Monologues (TVM, Ensler 1998). TSS exposes the cultural construction of woman while TVM reveals the pervasiveness of sexual oppression toward women. The female body and female sexuality (including lesbian sexuality) constitute a challenge to the Chinese translators due to cultural differences and sexuality still being a sensitive topic in China. This book investigates from gender and feminist perspectives, how TSS and TVM have been translated and received in China, with special attention to how the translators meet the challenges. Since translation is the gateway to the reception of feminism, an examination of the translations should reveal the response to feminism of the translator as the first reader and gatekeeper, and how feminism is translated both ideologically and technically in China. The translators’ decisions are discussed within the social, historical, and political contexts. Translating Feminism in China discusses, among other issues: Feminist Translation: Practice, Theory, and Studies Translating the Female Body and Sexuality Translating Lesbianism Censorship, Sexuality, and Translation This book will be relevant to postgraduate students and researchers of translation studies. It will also interest academics interested in feminism, gender studies and Chinese literature and culture. Zhongli Yu is Assistant Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Nottingham Ningbo China (UNNC).

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Witchcraft and magic are topics of enduring interest for many reasons. The main one lies in their extraordinary interdisciplinarity: anthropologists, folklorists, historians, and more have contributed to build a body of work of extreme variety and consistence. Of course, this also means that the subjects themselves are not easy to assess. In a very general way, we can define witchcraft as a supernatural means to cause harm, death, or misfortune, while magic also belongs to the field of supernatural, or at least esoteric knowledge, but can be used to less dangerous effects (e.g., divination and astrology). In Western civilization, however, the witch hunt has set a very peculiar perspective in which diabolical witchcraft, the invention of the Sabbat, the persecution of many thousands of (mostly) female and (sometimes) male presumed witches gave way to a phenomenon that is fundamentally different from traditional witchcraft. This Special Issue of Religions dedicated to Witchcraft, Demonology, and Magic features nine articles that deal with four different regions of Europe (England, Germany, Hungary, and Italy) between Late Medieval and Modern times in different contexts and social milieus. Far from pretending to offer a complete picture, they focus on some topics that are central to the research in those fields and fit well in the current “cumulative concept of Western witchcraft” that rules out all mono-causality theories, investigating a plurality of causes.

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The book describes the system of communist censorship in Poland in the years 1948–1958, as well as its effects on the development of literature. It is the first literary studies work which takes up the subject in such broad and systematic terms. The book is divided into three main parts: an attempt at synthesis (theory and practice of censorship), special cases (censorship of specific writers), authorial strategies (the authors’ ways of dealing with censorship) and contexts. The most important conclusion which can be drawn from the research is that out of many small changes emerges an image of a very significant one. Numerous small cuts and alterations build up to an image of Polish literature of the 1940s and 1950s as a whole. A whole that was always dependant on and subservient to politics.

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