Special Issue of Molecules entitled “Food Processing and Its Impact on Phenolic and Other Bioactive Constituents in Food—Second Edition”. Bioactive compounds, including phenolic ingredients, have long been used as important constituents of a healthy diet. As a result, consumer awareness about the important role of high-quality products rich in bioactive compounds—especially phenolic compounds—in human nutrition, health, and prevention against diseases has increased. Additionally, methods for food processing, regardless of the technology used, have a huge impact on the quality of the final products. Therefore, the big challenges for scientists lie in the monitoring of changes during food processing and the optimization of technology to achieve minimal degradation of nutrients (including phenolic compounds). Thus, for this Special Issue, we published the latest scientific news, insights, and advances in the field of food processing and its impact on bioactive constituents in food, especially phenolic compounds. The information presented will certainly attract considerable interest among a large group of our readers from different disciplines and research fields.

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After the successful conclusion of the Joint Meeting of IUFRO’s 7.03.05 & 7.03.10 working parties and given the exciting and novel studies that have been presented in the framework of this meeting, we decided to present some of these studies in the current Special Issue of Forests. To make this issue more appealing and interesting to everyone in the field of Forest Protection, studies that cover a wide range of topics were selected, ranging from ecology and phylogeography to forest management and protection. More importantly, as these studies refer to pests and pathogens from different parts of the world, it is expected that the knowledge gained can be further used in the protection of natural environment worldwide.

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Terrestrial and marine environments are inexhaustible sources of compounds and active extracts which have been employed in medicine since ancient times. The aim of this reprint is to collect new approaches around compounds and extracts isolated from natural products and their biological activity, with a focus on anti-inflammatory pathways. Thus, this reprint compiles full original papers and reviews articles published during 2023 in a Special Issue of Life, titled “Inflammation and Natural products”. The publications within this reprint are focused on secondary metabolites of plants demonstrating significant antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, among others, and clinical relevance in various pathological conditions. It also includes reviews that focus on natural therapies for topics such as arthritis, lung diseases, neuroprotection, skin photoprotection, and the impact of gender in the use of medicinal plants in relation to vascular diseases. The reprint of this Special Issue will serve as a reference text for researchers and academics, as well as those studying natural products and their pharmacological activities.

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This Issue focuses on processes related to the research of natural products dereived from plants (Bauhinia forficata, Placolobium vietnamense, Tamarix chinensis, Peperomia obtusifolia, Cymbidium ensifolium, Dendrobium delacourii, Turnera subulata, Eruca sativa, Miconia chamissois and Persea americana) and microorganisms (Streptomyces tricolor, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Gonatophragmium triuniae, Penicillium bissettii and P. glabrum) as well as spectroscopic data from a significant number of natural products, 13C-NMR data from 504 pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from plants of the Celastraceae family and UV, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR data of the 192 chromones.

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This reprint describes the ability of some foods or natural substances extracted by plants to counteract some of the most common diseases at present, such as obesity, diabetes, intestinal inflammatory diseases, and neurodegeneration. It is well accepted that high-fat diets that are rich in saturated fats are involved in the onset and progression of obesity and its dangerous comorbidities. It is also well accepted that a balanced diet is useful to maintain a good health status and the choice of certain foods could help to counteract the onset of chronic diseases. Foods and natural substances rich in compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties should be paid attention. Most of these foods belong to the Mediterranean Diet, and they are famous for being rich of unsaturated fatty acids, such as the oleic acid found in extra-virgin olive oil, or the omega 3 contained in fish, vitamin D and vitamin C with their high anti-oxidant capacity, and spices and nuts that can counteract inflammatory status. These substances have also anti-obesity properties, because they are able to reduce fat mass and and restore the physiological role of fat tissue. Therefore, strict adherence to this healthy diet could be enough to prevent the onset of chronic diseases linked to fatty diets or aging. The scientific data collected in this reprint could provide new insights, allowing for readers to change their own dietary habits and make more informed food choices.

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Throughout most of history, medicinal plants and their active metabolites have represented a valuable source of compounds used to prevent and to cure several diseases. Interest in natural compounds is still high as they represent a source of novel biologically/pharmacologically active compounds. Due to their high structural diversity and complexity, they are interesting structural scaffolds that can offer promising candidates for the study of new drugs, functional foods, and food additives.Plant extracts are a highly complex mixture of compounds and qualitative and quantitative analyses are necessary to ensure their quality. Furthermore, greener methods of extraction and analysis are needed today.This book is based on articles submitted for publication in the Special Issue entitled “Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Bioactive Natural Products” that collected original research and reviews on these topics.

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