Nature represents an amazing source of inspiration, since it produces a great diversity of natural compounds selected by evolution, which exhibit multiple biological activities and applications. A large and very active research field is dedicated to identifying biosynthesized compounds, to improve/develop new methodologies, to produce/reuse natural compounds, and to assess their potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, among others, and additionally, to understand their mechanism of action. This book is dedicated to presenting the most recent results on the development of natural compounds’ applications. Ten original research works, organized by applications, and two reviews are included. Each of them contributes to the knowledge advance, insofar as they present new applications for known products, new methodologies to obtain new products, or the evaluation of a given application, with the applications related to health promotion being the most frequently considered. These works are significant contributions and reinforce the dynamic field of natural products’ applications.

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Lignans are a class of natural products found mainly in plants. They have a wide variety of structures and exhibit a range of potent biological activities. Lignans are also well-known components of a number of widely eaten foods and are frequently studied for their dietary impact. Owing to these factors, lignans have been extensively studied by scientists from a large number of disciplines. This collection of research and review articles describes topics ranging in scope from the recent isolation and structural elucidation of new lignans, strategies towards the chemical synthesis of lignans, assessment of their biological activities and potential for further therapeutic development. Research showing the impact of lignans in the food and agricultural industries is also presented.

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Porphyrins, metalloporphyrins, and their analogs are a family of macrocycles that are ubiquitous in nature, playing key roles in a myriad of biological functions, such as in plant light-harvesting (e.g., chlorophyll, a magnesium–chlorin complex), oxygen binding and transport (e.g., heme group, an iron–porphyrin complex, responsible for animal cellular respiration), and bacteria photosynthesis. The pivotal functions fulfilled by these naturally occurring porphyrinoids have motivated and inspired organic chemists to produce synthetic porphyrins and analogs in the laboratory. In recent years, a multitude of applications for porphyrins has shifted the focus from purely academic interest to industrial processes. There is a growing recognition of the need to develop new, more selective, and environmentally friendly synthetic methods. Within this Special Issue, readers will find a collection of 16 original research papers and a comprehensive review, all dedicated to exploring the synthesis and functionalization of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. These papers shed light on the vast potential applications of these compounds across various fields.

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

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