The 10th Anniversary of Biomedicines—Translational Laboratory and Experimental Medicine for the Sake of Neurological Diseases and Mental Illnesses features a collection of 21 groundbreaking papers commemorating a decade of pioneering research into the complexities of the human mind, neurological diseases, and mental illnesses. This reprint explores the complex interactions that occur within the human brain, including neuroplasticity, cognitive responses, and the influence of aging and pathological conditions on behavior. Researchers and clinicians have dedicated themselves to bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and clinical applications, unraveling the mysteries of brain function and mental health, and proposing novel therapeutic approaches and potential advances in the field. This articles included in this Special Issue crucially elucidate the mechanisms that underpin neurological disorders and mental illnesses by investigating neural circuits, plasticity, and brain adaptation. From studying the brain's ability to recover after a stroke to investigating the relationship between neural activity and cognitive function, this collection of papers exemplifies the unwavering dedication and innovation of biomedicine. As we commemorate a decade of groundbreaking research, these findings pave the way for future studies that aim to enhance the lives of people suffering from neurological conditions and mental health illnesses.

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This comprehensive reprint, authored by leading experts in the field, investigates the different aspects of the developments in neuro-oncology, including diagnostic tools, imaging, treatment, and surgical strategies. From the prognostic significance of volumetric MRI evaluation in glioblastoma surgery to the transformative potential of the transorbital approach in neurosurgery, this reprint covers a wide array of topics which are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Advanced imaging modalities for pediatric thalamopeduncular tumors and the utility of radiologically defined sarcopenia in head and neck cancer patients are also discussed. Key molecular drivers of metastatic disease, such as EGFR mutations in lung cancer, and emerging treatment paradigms for rare entities like primary intracranial gliosarcoma and ALK-positive lymphomas are studied. Real-time neuropsychological testing during awake surgery and innovative surgical techniques for complex lesions like spheno-orbital meningiomas are also discussed. This reprint serves as an indispensable resource for neurosurgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and researchers who seek to stay abreast of the latest developments in neuro-oncology and enhance patient care.

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This reprint focuses on the current progress in sports medicine, with a specific interest in surgery, exercise therapy, and multi-disciplinary research. With the advancement of society, more attention is paid to the quality of life, which emphasizes the importance of sports and exercise. Correspondingly, there is a great need for sports medicine. This issue collected novel findings on sports medicine in surgery, conservative therapy, and the application of exercise training in other disorders

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This book represents one of the most up-to-date collections of articles on clinical practice and research in the field of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The scholars who contributed to this book are experts in their field, carrying out cutting edge research in prestigious institutes worldwide (e.g., Harvard Medical School, University of California, MIND Institute, King’s College, Karolinska Institute, and many others). The book addressed many topics, including (1) The COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Epidemiology and prevalence; (3) Screening and early behavioral markers; (4) Diagnostic and phenotypic profile; (5) Treatment and intervention; (6) Etiopathogenesis (biomarkers, biology, and genetic, epigenetic, and risk factors); (7) Comorbidity; (8) Adulthood; and (9) Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This book testifies to the complexity of performing research in the field of ASD. The published contributions underline areas of progress and ongoing challenges in which more certain data is expected in the coming years. It would be desirable that experts, clinicians, researchers, and trainees could have the opportunity to read this updated text describing the challenging heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

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This book represents one of the most up-to-date collections of articles on clinical practice and research in the field of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The scholars who contributed to this book are experts in their field, carrying out cutting edge research in prestigious institutes worldwide (e.g., Harvard Medical School, University of California, MIND Institute, King’s College, Karolinska Institute, and many others). The book addressed many topics, including (1) The COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Epidemiology and prevalence; (3) Screening and early behavioral markers; (4) Diagnostic and phenotypic profile; (5) Treatment and intervention; (6) Etiopathogenesis (biomarkers, biology, and genetic, epigenetic, and risk factors); (7) Comorbidity; (8) Adulthood; and (9) Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This book testifies to the complexity of performing research in the field of ASD. The published contributions underline areas of progress and ongoing challenges in which more certain data is expected in the coming years. It would be desirable that experts, clinicians, researchers, and trainees could have the opportunity to read this updated text describing the challenging heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

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This Special Issue is dedicated to neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), a category of malignancy that demonstrates wide clinical heterogeneity, posing major challenges in diagnosis and management. There have been significant advances in the field of NEN genomics, pathology, imaging, and treatment over the past five years. NENs are examples of rare tumours (although their incidence and prevalence are increasing) where international collaborative efforts have allowed the generation of high-level evidence to guide optimal patient-centred care. This issue presents both reviews and original papers to provide comprehensive state-of-the-art understanding of this fascinating disease.

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This reprint encompasses a number of articles that focus on the molecular blueprint of brain tumors. A collection of relevant papers in the rapidly expanding field of brain tumor molecular genetics broadens our knowledge about the biology of brain tumors, and inspires further studies that will improve the diagnosis and clinical management of brain tumors. Due to the great heterogeneity of brain tumors it is important to research and understand every aspect of their initiation, progression and metastasis in order to design better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for their clinical management and patient benefit.

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This book contains research articles on the advances in the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS), the spinal growth related to the implementation of growth modulation for the surgical treatment of early-onset IS, the non-surgical treatment of IS using Physiotheraputic Scoliosis Specific Exercises, and braces. Additionally, it focuses on issues related to surgical treatment, issues related to body posture and the quality of life of this sensitive group of people. The high quality of published papers in this Special Issue of the JCM serve these objectives.

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There are a variety of anesthetic management options during surgery, and these are constantly evolving. Both innovative and confirmatory research are important if the scientific community aims to develop and improve people’s quality of care. This reprint introduces new avenues and covers questions regarding innovative anesthetic techniques and unmet needs after surgery, paving the way for future improvements. It can be useful for both clinicians and clinical researchers, especially in light of the expansion of concepts like personalized care.

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Recently, many kinds of foods and food-derived nutrients have been reported to show health-beneficial effects. In particular, some foods and food-derived nutrients have shown anti-aging effects on several organs and tissues, such as brain, muscle, skin, intestine, and so on. In some kinds of foods, the molecular basis of their functionalities (e.g., anti-brain aging, anti-sarcopenia, and anti-skin aging) and inter-tissue networks activated by these foods mediated by exosomes, cytokines, and immune cells have been clarified in detail.

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Antibiotic resistance represents one of the most important challenges in the world and involves humans, animals and the environment.For this reason, it is increasingly important to focus our attention on the present scenarios and the future prospects relating to this problem. The One Health approach helps us and can provide the tools to consider the problem from different points of view, also providing alternative solutions to the use of the antibiotic itself.

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The exposure of animals to environmental stresses (restraint, bad housing conditions, irradiation, pollution, diseases, and heat stress) and endogenous stresses (metabolic and physiological disorders) can seriously disrupt the redox homeostasis, leading to impairments in animals’ health and overall performance. Under these circumstances, the self-antioxidant defense system may not be enough to neutralize ROS effects. In this context, the utilization of an exogenous source of antioxidants, mainly dietary sources, may present an effective and cost-effective solution. There are a plethora of substances, either naturally occurring or synthesized (organic acids, minerals, vitamins, hormones, and specific feed additives originating from plants such as essential oils and polyphenols), known for their antioxidant activity, that can be used to maintain adequate redox status in animals in order to preserve their well-being and/or productivity. This area of research still needs more investigations in order to clearly elucidate the effective antioxidant substances that could be used in practical applications, with an emphasis on their biological mechanisms during different physiological conditions and health statuses. We intend to bring together current research concerning the role of antioxidant substances either from natural sources or those synthesized for improving animal production, reproduction, health, and welfare.

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This collection of 25 research papers comprised of 22 original articles and 3 reviews is brought together from international leaders in bioinformatics and biostatistics. The collection highlights recent computational advances that improve the ability to analyze highly complex data sets to identify factors critical to cancer biology. Novel deep learning algorithms represent an emerging and highly valuable approach for collecting, characterizing and predicting clinical outcomes data. The collection highlights several of these approaches that are likely to become the foundation of research and clinical practice in the future. In fact, many of these technologies reveal new insights about basic cancer mechanisms by integrating data sets and structures that were previously immiscible.

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This timely collection of expert papers draws attention to the global burden of meningitis and the challenges faced by the WHO’s roadmap to defeat meningitis by 2030. The three main goals of the meningitis roadmap are to eliminate epidemics of bacterial meningitis, reduce cases and deaths from vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis, and reduce disability and improve quality of life after meningitis of any cause. This book includes a wide range of original research and reviews on epidemiology and vaccination of bacterial meningitis that have direct relevance to advancing the goals of the roadmap.

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In the last decade, the number of clinical trials using Bayesian methods has grown dramatically. Nowadays, regulatory authorities appear to be more receptive to Bayesian methods than ever. The Bayesian methodology is well suited to address the issues arising in the planning, analysis, and conduct of clinical trials. Due to their flexibility, Bayesian design methods based on the accrued data of ongoing trials have been recommended by both the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for dose-response trials in early clinical development. A distinctive feature of the Bayesian approach is its ability to deal with external information, such as historical data, findings from previous studies and expert opinions, through prior elicitation. In fact, it provides a framework for embedding and handling the variability of auxiliary information within the planning and analysis of the study. A growing body of literature examines the use of historical data to augment newly collected data, especially in clinical trials where patients are difficult to recruit, which is the case for rare diseases, for example. Many works explore how this can be done properly, since using historical data has been recognized as less controversial than eliciting prior information from experts’ opinions. In this book, applications of Bayesian design in the planning and analysis of clinical trials are introduced, along with methodological contributions to specific topics of Bayesian statistics. Finally, two reviews regarding the state-of-the-art of the Bayesian approach in clinical field trials are presented.

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The Special Issue “Body Image, Nutrition, and Mental Health” examines and illuminates the complex relationships among body image, nutrition, and mental health. It covers the psychological and social risk factors of body image disturbances and associated disorders, biological aspects of appetite regulation and the metabolic syndrome, and therapeutic approaches for eating and weight disorders and their health consequences.

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Botulinum toxin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2011 for neurogenic bladder and in 2013 for idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). In this Special Issue, we address the question of where we stand with this therapy a decade later. Has it prevailed and been proven useful? Which techniques have become established, and how were they optimized? Are more practical ways of distribution on the way? What acceptance problems or obstacles to long-term use might exist among patients or doctors? What are the risks? Has the therapy gained a foothold in the outpatient sector?

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This reprint represents the articles published in the Special Issue “Brain Function and Health, Sports, and Exercise”. Fifteen articles were published, with topics covering the relationship between acute effects of exercise on cognitive function, as well as the influence of exercise on positive medium-term adaptations in populations as children, youth, adults and older. We think that the different approaches used in the different articles will help the readers to have a greater overview of the current research in brain and exercise.

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This Special Issue on CFS/ME collects 18 papers with an interdisciplinary view on the current demographic and epidemiological data and immunological characteristics of CFS/ME and examines the different pathogenic hypotheses, as well as giving information about the latest knowledge on diagnostic investigations, pharmacological, integrative, physical, cognitive-behavioral and psychological curative approaches.

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This book focuses on the “disease aspects” of classical swine fever (CSF). The epidemiological pattern of the reemergence of CSF from wild boars and its spread to neighboring domestic pigs provides useful information for policy makers. The recent advances in diagnostics and vaccines and how each type of vaccine should be appropriately used in various field situations provide useful information for practicing veterinarians and laboratory scientists, for example, whether the vaccine virus attenuated enough to not cross the placenta to avoid sequelae, how innocuous samples like serum should be cautiously treated to avoid risk of virus spread, how various genotypes of the CSF virus evolve and compete to survive in the field, and how the CSF virus molecularly manipulates normal cell biological processes for its own advantage to survive. Phylogenetic analyses help in tracing the origin of the CSF virus responsible for each outbreak. Overall, readers should be impressed by the capabilities of CFS in pigs. We hope that this book can be a useful reference for all colleagues, whether in CSF-free or CSF-affected parts of the world.

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This Special Issue focuses on several important themes related to hemodialysis treatment. It includes fourteen papers: one systematic review, two reviews, three communications, one brief report, and seven original research articles. These articles provide important new insights to many readers. Protein-bound uremic toxin clearance, special characteristics of dialysis membranes, and vascular access cannulation techniques have been reviewed. Nutritional assessment, significance of the trace element zinc, and the impact of COVID-19 infection in hemodialysis patients have been covered in communication articles. Original research articles address several important themes including risk factors for amputation and/or mortality in patients with lower extremity artery disease, vascular access flow and cervical artery circulation, dialysis tolerance and hemodialysis modality, physical mobility, malnutrition and insulin resistance in relation to metabolic syndrome, and the impact of dyskalemia on clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. We guest authors believe that these published papers will contribute to extending our knowledge and providing improved clinical care to patients on hemodialysis.

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