The book analyses the contested nature of the Liberal International Order (LIO) by distinguishing between ‘normal’ contestations, which constitute routine engagement with norms, and ‘deep’ contestations, which challenge the order’s core principles and institutions. It identifies deep contestations in recent events, such as Putin’s invasion of Ukraine and Trump’s attacks on the rule-based international economic system, revealing the LIO’s vulnerabilities. The volume argues that these challenges stem from inherent contradictions and unfulfilled promises, including intrusiveness without inclusiveness, persistent inequalities, and incapacity to address global governance crises such as climate change. It further highlights the role of the ‘axis of autocracies’, notably Russia and China, and their alliances with right-wing populism within liberal democracies, in destabilising the order. Ultimately, the book assesses the LIO’s resilience, projecting scenarios for its future and stressing its survival as contingent on its ability to adapt and reform.

This book is included in DOAB.