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Calf and Heifer Feeding and Management
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From birth to first calving, the replacement heifer undergoes tremendous changes anatomically as well as in feeding and management practices. The calf changes from being a pseudo-monogastric to a full ruminant within a period of two months. During the same period, the calf is fed colostrum, milk, or milk replacer, and starter with or without hay. Notably, the lifetime milk production and health of a dairy cow is highly dependent on early life nutrition and management of the calf and, subsequently, the heifer. Hence, animal scientists continue to investigate critical areas such as colostrum feeding, the level of liquid feeding, gut microbial succession, energy and protein levels, housing, health management, and their interactions with the animal in an effort to help dairy producers raise successful and sustainable dairy enterprises.
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Keywords
- 16S rRNA gene sequencing
- ADG
- amino acid pattern
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- Behavior
- betaine
- Biology, Life Sciences
- body condition score
- bull
- caecal microbiota
- calf
- calf economics
- calves
- carcass and meat quality
- cost per kg
- dairy calf
- dairy calf feeding
- dairy cows
- Development
- Diet
- early weaning
- Epithelium
- fat mobilization
- fattening
- feed additives
- feeding management
- forage
- glutamine
- Growth
- growth performance
- Health
- heat stress
- heifer
- Holstein calves
- Holstein heifers
- Immunity
- individual housing
- involuntary culling
- lysine
- Management
- Mathematics & science
- Metabolism
- methionine
- microbiota
- milk replacer
- Mortality
- newborn calves
- Nutrition
- pair housing
- Performance
- peripartum
- primiparous dairy cow
- Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects
- replacement
- replacement heifer
- Research & information: general
- Rumen
- Rumen fermentation
- Simmental
- stakeholder attitudes
- survival rate
- threonine
- weaning age
- welfare
- yak calf
Links
DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-03943-662-0Editions