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Optic Neuropathies
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Optic neuropathies are conditions in which there is damage to the optic nerve (ON) caused by a variety of causes, including glaucoma, inflammation, gene abnormalities, ischemia, trauma, and toxicity. ON damage triggers a process of axon degeneration, inflammatory cytokine upregulation, breakdown of the blood–optic nerve barrier, and, eventually, the induction of apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in optic atrophy. To date, there is no effective treatment for most optic neuropathies; however, because the damage initially is axogenic, there may exist a window of therapeutic opportunity before the death of RGCs. Thus, the search for effective treatments for various optic neuropathies before there is permanent damage to prevent or limit visual dysfunction and the development of methods to stimulate axon and/or RGC regeneration to restore vision after damage has occurred is pivotal.This reprint collected 19 articles published in this Special Issue of IJMS which covers the molecular mechanisms to protect RGCs and/or axonal damage, translational research, gene therapy, regenerative medicine, and neuroprotection for glaucoma.
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Keywords
- A8
- Apoptosis
- aquaporin-4
- astrocyte
- Astrocytes
- atypical optic neuritis treatment
- axonal degeneration
- azithromycin
- Bid
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- CNS injury
- CNS repair
- complement
- diabetes
- DNA Damage
- epigenetics
- erythropoietin
- Extracellular matrix
- Fibrosis
- Gene expression
- Glaucoma
- glaucomatous optic neuropathy
- glial cells
- hereditary optic neuropathy
- HSF1
- idebenone
- Inflammation
- intraocular pressure
- ischemic optic neuropathy
- KLF4
- lamina cribrosa
- lamina cribrosa cells
- Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
- LHON
- medicine
- microcystic macular degeneration
- Microglia
- miR-29
- mitochondrial disorder
- mitochondrial optic neuropathy
- models
- MOG
- MS prevention
- Müller cell
- myelin
- myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- myeloid cells
- n/a
- NAION
- neural inflammation
- neural injury
- neural ischemia
- neuro-ophthalmology
- neuroimmunology
- neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease
- neuronal survival
- Neuroprotection
- NMO
- nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
- nuclear modifier genes
- Oct4
- ocular coherence tomography
- oligodendrocyte
- oligodendrocyte precursor cells
- oligodendrocytes
- oncomodulin
- optic nerve
- optic nerve crush
- optic nerve head
- optic nerve injury
- optic nerve protection
- optic nerve regeneration
- optic neuropathy
- Oxidative Stress
- pattern electroretinogram
- pioglitazone
- proliferation
- rat anterior ischemic optic neuropathy model
- Regeneration
- Retina
- retinal ganglion cell
- retinal ganglion cell death
- retinal ganglion cells
- Rodents
- scleral fibroblasts
- secondary degeneration
- SOX2
- synaptamide
- TBP associated factor 9
- TP53 regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1
- transcription
- transcriptome
- typical optic neuritis
- visual evoked potential
- whole exome sequencing
- Yamanaka factors
- Zebrafish
Links
DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-7504-9Editions