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Appetite and Satiety Control-Gut Mechanisms
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The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.
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Keywords
- abdominal distension
- abdominal wall activity
- Aging
- agonist
- Amino acid
- Anorexia
- Appetite
- Appetite Regulation
- aversion
- Bariatric surgery
- bile acids
- bitter substances
- Body Weight
- brain areas
- Brain stem
- brainstem
- cannabinoid CB1 receptor
- carbohydrate
- CB1 receptor
- CCK
- cephalic responses
- chemosensory
- chronic supplementation
- circadian
- circadian clock
- cue reactivity
- Digestion
- digestive well-being
- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake
- endocannabinoid
- Energy Expenditure
- Energy Intake
- enteroendocrine cells
- enteroendocrine cells (EECs)
- Fat
- feeding
- flavor
- food ingestion
- food intake
- Functional Brain imaging
- functional gastrointestinal disorders
- FXR
- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
- gastric accommodation
- gastric band
- gastric barostat
- gastric bypass surgery
- gastric emptying
- gastric emptying breath test
- gastric motor function
- gastrointestinal
- gastrointestinal hormones
- gastrointestinal tract
- Ghrelin
- GIP
- GLP-1
- GLP-1r
- GLP1
- glycaemic control
- gut hormones
- gut-brain
- gut–brain
- hedonic sensations
- homeostatic sensations
- Hormones
- human studies
- Hunger
- Hypothalamus
- Insulin Resistance
- intestinal brake
- intestine
- intragastric meal retention
- isoleucine
- Lifecourse
- lixisenatide
- meal anticipation
- meal ingestion
- medicine
- microbiome
- miniature pig
- Molecular imaging
- Motivation
- n/a
- nutrient preference
- nutrient sensing
- Nutrients
- Obesity
- oral glucose tolerance test
- oro-sensory exposure
- pig model
- postprandial blood glucose
- postprandial responses
- postprandial symptoms
- preclinical studies
- preference
- Protein
- PYY
- reward
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- Sarcopenia
- satiation
- satiety
- scintigraphy
- sensory science
- single fiber recording
- sleeve gastrectomy
- supplements
- TAS2R14
- TAS2R39
- TAS2R5
- tastants
- Taste
- Texture
- TGR-5
- type 2 diabetes
- vagal afferents
- vagus
- weight management
- Western diet
- whey
- Whey protein
Links
DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-2347-7Editions