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Cocoa, Chocolate and Human Health
Sabine Ellinger and Benno F. Zimmermann
2020
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This book entitled “Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health” presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.
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Keywords
- (+)-catechin
- (?)-catechin
- (?)-epicatechin
- ?-glucosidase inhibition
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity
- anti-inflammatory properties
- antidiabetic capacity
- antioxidant capacity
- athlete
- BDNF
- Behavior
- bioactive compounds
- bioactive peptides
- bioavailability
- Biology, Life Sciences
- biomarkers
- Blood pressure
- Cacao
- CaMKII
- chiral separation
- Chocolate
- Classification
- Cocoa
- cocoa beans
- cocoa by-product
- cocoa processing
- cocoa proteins
- cocoa-based ingredients
- Cohort study
- colonic bacteria
- CREB
- exercise performance
- extraction and characterization methods
- Fermentation
- fermentation-related enzymes
- flavan-3-ol stereoisomers
- flavanol-rich cocoa
- flavanols
- flavanols bioavailability
- Functional Food
- functional volatile compounds
- glucose metabolism
- hearing loss
- heath potentials
- Human
- Inflammation
- Italian chocolate
- lipid status
- Lipids
- liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS)
- Mathematics & science
- meal
- metabolic syndrome
- metabolites
- metabolomics
- methylxanthines
- Monitoring
- n/a
- Nutrition
- oligopeptides
- one-compartment model
- Oxidative Stress
- Performance
- pharmacokinetics
- physical exercise
- Plasma
- plasma appearance
- plasma nutrikinetics
- polyphenol
- Polyphenols
- postprandial
- procyanidins
- protein–phenol interactions
- Quality
- roasting
- simulated gastrointestinal digestion
- skeletal muscle
- soluble cocoa products
- starter culture
- thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
- theobromine
- Tinnitus
- type 2 diabetes
- urine
- working memory
- Yeast
Links
DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-03928-589-1Editions
